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2022 Economic Census / NAICS 21

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction

The four largest firms in Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction accounted for 21.3% of the industry's 2022 sales, value of shipments, or revenue, and its concentration (HHI 186) ranks 2 of 17 sectors in the Economic Census. What is HHI?

National employer-firm concentration for this sector, measured from sales, value of shipments, or revenue. Census categories are statistical groupings, not necessarily antitrust markets.

Revenue-based HHI

185.7

21
03,500
Same-level median 2394th percentile

National rank

#2

of 17 published

Sector rank

N/A

of 17 published

Largest 4 firms

21.3%

Share of industry revenue

Revenue

$725.1B

Sales, shipments, or revenue

Employer firms

16.1K

16,060

Employment

545.5K

545,482

Four source-bounded systems

Sector evidence passport

Open sector atlas

The passport juxtaposes four source-bounded sector signals for navigation. Each cell retains its own period, denominator, source, and rank universe; the cells are not combined into a sector score, merger rate, legal market, causal estimate, or assessment of competitive harm.

  • GeographyUnited StatesNational firm totals
  • UniverseEmployer firmsFirms with payroll
  • MeasurementRevenue concentrationSales, shipments, or revenue
  • Permitted useScreening onlyNot a legal market definition

Longitudinal sector pulse

How typical detailed industries changed inside Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction

Compare six strict-match medians, their publication coverage, and each sector's position among 17 economy-wide rows.

NAICS 21

Median HHI-point change across strict six-digit matches

+10 pts#6 highest change of 17 sectors

Economy median

+1.6 ptsAcross sector medians
2017 paired median
349.5
2022 paired median
390.8
Published pairs
11 of 15
Direction mix
6 up / 5 down

Interpretation

The typical published detailed-industry HHI moved +10 pts. This distribution statistic is separate from the official broad-sector HHI row.

Classification boundary: 0 changed and 6 new detailed rows remain outside strict deltas.

Sector rows summarize strict six-digit NAICS matches. Their medians are not sector HHI values, legal antitrust markets, liability findings, or causal estimates. Vintage medians and the median of row-level changes are distinct distribution statistics and need not reconcile. Publication coverage varies by metric, and revenue changes are nominal.

Census formation and sector context

Monthly formation signals beside annual sector structure

60 monthly observations for the exact NAICS 21 broad-sector contract.
Direct broad-sector join
Business Applications
537
Jul 2026 monthly count
Application annual change
+7.2%
Same month one year earlier
U.S. application share
0.1%
Share of national applications
High-propensity mix
19.4%
104 applications
Projected formations
52
Modeled four-quarter source projection
Establishment entry rate
9.4%
2023 annual BDS rate

Monthly source trajectory

Applications and high-propensity applications

Aug 2021 to Jul 2026
Business ApplicationsHigh-Propensity Business Applications
Sixty-month business application trajectory for Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extractionBusiness Applications and the high-propensity subset share one count axis. The chapter describes the selected broad sector.2K1.5K1K5000Aug 2021Nov 2022Feb 2024May 2025Jul 2026
6,151 applications / latest 12 months1,207 high-propensity / latest 12 months

Source clocks

Four releases, three measurement systems

Business Formation Statistics
2026-07
monthly applications and projected formations
Business Dynamics Statistics
2023
annual employer-establishment flows
Economic Census structure
2022
median across detailed-industry HHI rows
Strict concentration history
2017-2022
same-code and same-label detailed pairs
Exact broad-sector boundary

NAICS 21 is the exact broad-sector contract used by this chapter. This atlas joins only exact broad-sector NAICS contracts across three separate Census systems: monthly Business Formation Statistics, annual Business Dynamics Statistics, and Economic Census industry structure. The release clocks, populations, denominators, and measures remain distinct. Positions are descriptive context, not composite competition scores, causal estimates, legal antitrust markets, or evidence that applications, entry, concentration, and competitive effects are interchangeable.

BLS labor and payroll context

Mining + logging signals across linked sectors

1 Census sectors share these BLS source-group readings; none is allocated a separate value.
Shared BLS group
Job openings
3.2%
Jun 2026 JOLTS rate
Hires
3.4%
Jun 2026 JOLTS rate
Quits
2.3%
Jun 2026 JOLTS rate
Layoffs + discharges
1.6%
Jun 2026 JOLTS rate
All employees
607K
607 thousand payroll jobs
Weekly hours
46.1
+1.0 hrs from year earlier
Hourly earnings
$42.11
+4.4% from year earlier

JOLTS worker flows

Openings and quits on native rate scales

Jul 2021 to Jun 2026
Job openings rateQuits rate
Sixty-month JOLTS openings and quits ratesJob openings and quits rates for the mapped Mining and logging source group. The measures keep their published denominators and are not a labor-market power score.8.0%6.0%4.0%2.0%0.0%Jul 2021Oct 2022Jan 2024Apr 2025Jun 2026
-0.7 pp openings / year earlier+0.2 pp quits / year earlier

CES payroll context

Payroll jobs and nominal earnings, indexed

Aug 2021 = 100
Payroll jobsHourly earnings
Sixty-month CES payroll jobs and hourly earnings indexesPayroll jobs and nominal average hourly earnings for the mapped Mining and logging source group, each independently indexed to 100 in the first displayed month. Native levels remain in the readouts.12511811010395Aug 2021Nov 2022Feb 2024May 2025Jul 2026
-0.5% payroll jobs / year earlier+4.4% nominal earnings / year earlier

Declared classification bridge

One profile, two source-owned industry groups

Selected Census parent
NAICS 21
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
JOLTS group
110099
Mining and logging
CES supersector
10
Mining and logging
Mapped Census sectors
1
21

Independent release clocks

Two monthly systems, no merged series

JOLTS worker flows
2026-06
60 displayed months · latest preliminary
CES payroll context
2026-07
60 displayed months · latest preliminary
Shared-group boundary

The selected Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction sector (NAICS 21) is one of 1 Census-sector contexts attached to the broader Mining and logging JOLTS and Mining and logging CES groups. Their published values cannot be allocated to this sector alone. JOLTS industry rates describe national labor demand and worker-flow activity in broad BLS industry groups. They do not measure employer concentration, monopsony power, wages, bargaining power, job quality, local labor-market conditions, worker substitutability, a legal labor market, or the competitive cause of a change. The job openings rate uses employment plus openings as its denominator. Hires, quits, and layoffs and discharges use employment. Rates may be compared across published industry groups within the same measure, but different measures must not be added together or treated as a common flow balance. CES employment, hours, and earnings describe national payroll jobs and establishment averages in broad private-industry groups. They do not measure unique workers, vacancies, employer concentration, monopsony power, bargaining power, job quality, a local or occupational labor market, a legal antitrust market, or the competitive cause of a change. All-employee hourly earnings are current-dollar averages and are not adjusted for inflation. Changes can reflect shifts in industry and worker composition. Employment is reported in thousands of payroll jobs, so multiple jobholders may be counted more than once. Compare industries only within the same published measure; do not add or ratio the three measures into a common score. The two releases remain separate and are not combined into a labor-market, monopsony, competition, welfare, or causal score.

BEA industry output context

Mining in the U.S. value-added map

Exact broad-sector bridge from Census NAICS 21 to BEA line 6.
Exact sector context
GDP share
1.2%
2025 current-dollar composition
Real growth
+0.2%
2026-Q1 annualized BEA convention
Growth contribution
0.00 pp
2026-Q1 contribution to real GDP growth
Real quantity index
140.4
2026-Q1 / 2017=100
Current value added
$455.3B
2026-Q1 seasonally adjusted annual rate

Annual composition trajectory

Share of current-dollar GDP

1997-2025
Mining annual share of current-dollar GDPBEA value-added share from 1997 through 2025. This is an accounting composition measure, not a market share.4.0%3.0%2.0%1.0%0.0%19972004201120182025
1.1%1997+0.1 pplong-run shift1.2%2025
Exact broad-sector boundary

BEA line 6 and Census NAICS 21 share the declared broad-sector classification used by this profile. BEA value added measures an industry's contribution to GDP. It is not sales, gross output, profit, a markup, market share, concentration, a legal antitrust market, or evidence of competitive harm or causation. Current-dollar value-added shares reflect both prices and quantities. Real value added uses chained 2017 dollars and is suitable for growth comparisons, but chained-dollar industry components are not additive. Quarterly levels are seasonally adjusted at annual rates, and quarterly growth and contribution measures retain BEA's published annualized convention. The BEA table contains nested industries, cross-industry aggregates, and addenda. Only the 20 major-industry rows form the composition view; summing those rows with their children, parent aggregates, or addenda would double count activity.

BEA domestic production requirements

Production industries inside the broader Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction sector

Parent NAICS 21 supplies a classification directory only; no requirement coefficient is assigned to this narrower profile.
Sector directory only
BEA lines in scope
3
inside NAICS 21
Annual matrices
28
1997-2024
Raw matrix cells
5,964
retained without aggregation
Net requirement
Not constructed
not additive across buyer columns
Own requirement
Not constructed
no sector diagonal constructed

Published production directory

3 BEA industries map to this parent sector

Directory boundary

This chapter is a directory of 3 BEA summary industries classified inside parent sector Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction (NAICS 21). No coefficient is averaged, summed across buyer columns, or allocated to Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction (NAICS 21). A domestic total-requirements coefficient reports the U.S. output required from the supplier-row industry, directly and indirectly, per dollar of output delivered to final use by the buyer-column industry. It is not observed spending, a contract, a firm supplier link, market share, concentration, a legal antitrust market, competitive harm, or causation. Rows are supplying industries and columns are buyer industries delivering output to final use. Reading down a buyer column traces upstream requirements; reading across a supplier row traces the industries whose final-use output requires that supplier. BEA requirements tables use fixed input structures, constant returns to scale, and no input substitution. Coefficients are average, ex-post industry relationships; domestic import adjustments are estimated and do not identify firm-specific sourcing. Diagonal values include an industry's own direct and indirect requirements. Published negative coefficients are retained as accounting adjustments and must not be ranked as positive supply requirements.

Longitudinal sector profile

Business formation and job flows since 1978

46 annual BDS records compare Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction with the national series while preserving the BDS universe.
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
9.436%
2023 sector rate
United States
10.608%
2023 national rate
Sector gap
-1.172 pp
Below U.S. rate
Joined-sector rank
#12
of 17 by magnitude

Establishment entry rate

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction and the United States

Entering establishments as a share of the Census BDS establishment denominator.
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extractionUnited States
2023Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction9.436%United States10.608%Gap -1.172 pp
1978: United States 15.146%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 16.153%1979: United States 13.970%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 16.735%1980: United States 12.806%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 16.524%1981: United States 12.797%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 21.609%1982: United States 12.464%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 21.536%1983: United States 13.389%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 13.338%1984: United States 14.534%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 13.982%1985: United States 13.810%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 13.413%1986: United States 14.095%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 11.266%1987: United States 14.325%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 11.573%1988: United States 13.959%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 12.778%1989: United States 13.368%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 11.264%1990: United States 12.683%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 11.651%1991: United States 12.358%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 11.619%1992: United States 11.577%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 10.406%1993: United States 11.509%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 10.785%1994: United States 11.885%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 10.565%1995: United States 12.058%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 9.619%1996: United States 11.795%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 9.492%1997: United States 12.200%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 10.873%1998: United States 11.438%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 9.835%1999: United States 11.115%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 8.582%2000: United States 10.848%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 9.990%2001: United States 10.990%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 10.794%2002: United States 11.911%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 11.787%2003: United States 11.425%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 8.737%2004: United States 11.511%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 9.850%2005: United States 11.615%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 10.274%2006: United States 12.495%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 13.076%2007: United States 11.761%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 14.339%2008: United States 10.307%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 11.258%2009: United States 9.281%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 10.507%2010: United States 9.495%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 9.380%2011: United States 9.886%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 11.194%2012: United States 10.018%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 11.613%2013: United States 9.807%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 10.199%2014: United States 9.906%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 10.658%2015: United States 10.025%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 10.439%2016: United States 10.194%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 7.526%2017: United States 9.675%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 9.947%2018: United States 9.414%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 9.332%2019: United States 9.613%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 9.449%2020: United States 9.637%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 8.153%2021: United States 10.845%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 7.011%2022: United States 11.651%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 9.652%2023: United States 10.608%; Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 9.436%
1978
16.153%
-6.717 pp to latest
2018
9.332%
Higher than 2018
Series high / 1981
21.609%
Highest published rate
Series low / 2021
7.011%
Lowest published rate

Exact annual series

Sector and national values

2023 back to 1978
Establishment entry rate for Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction and the United States, with the sector-minus-national gap.
Year21United StatesGap
20239.436%10.608%-1.172 pp
20229.652%11.651%-1.999 pp
20217.011%10.845%-3.834 pp
20208.153%9.637%-1.484 pp
20199.449%9.613%-0.164 pp
20189.332%9.414%-0.082 pp
20179.947%9.675%+0.272 pp
20167.526%10.194%-2.668 pp
201510.439%10.025%+0.414 pp
201410.658%9.906%+0.752 pp
201310.199%9.807%+0.392 pp
201211.613%10.018%+1.595 pp
201111.194%9.886%+1.308 pp
20109.38%9.495%-0.115 pp
200910.507%9.281%+1.226 pp
200811.258%10.307%+0.951 pp
200714.339%11.761%+2.578 pp
200613.076%12.495%+0.581 pp
200510.274%11.615%-1.341 pp
20049.85%11.511%-1.661 pp
20038.737%11.425%-2.688 pp
200211.787%11.911%-0.124 pp
200110.794%10.99%-0.196 pp
20009.99%10.848%-0.858 pp
19998.582%11.115%-2.533 pp
19989.835%11.438%-1.603 pp
199710.873%12.2%-1.327 pp
19969.492%11.795%-2.303 pp
19959.619%12.058%-2.439 pp
199410.565%11.885%-1.32 pp
199310.785%11.509%-0.724 pp
199210.406%11.577%-1.171 pp
199111.619%12.358%-0.739 pp
199011.651%12.683%-1.032 pp
198911.264%13.368%-2.104 pp
198812.778%13.959%-1.181 pp
198711.573%14.325%-2.752 pp
198611.266%14.095%-2.829 pp
198513.413%13.81%-0.397 pp
198413.982%14.534%-0.552 pp
198313.338%13.389%-0.051 pp
198221.536%12.464%+9.072 pp
198121.609%12.797%+8.812 pp
198016.524%12.806%+3.718 pp
197916.735%13.97%+2.765 pp
197816.153%15.146%+1.007 pp

Sector structure lab

Map concentration inside Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction

Each bubble is one six-digit industry. Horizontal position is revenue-based HHI, vertical position is CR4, and bubble area follows the selected economic scale.

Detailed industries21Six-digit rows
Median HHI559.217 published
Median CR443.7%21 published
HHI 2,500+0Detailed rows
Published weight95.1%Revenue in chart

Bubble area = revenue

17 rows have both HHI and CR4 / 4 HHI values withheld

Top-five revenue share / 88.4%
NAICS 211130: Natural gas extraction; HHI 390.8; CR4 28.7%; Revenue $178.7B; 24.65% of sectorNAICS 213112: Support activities for oil and gas operations; HHI 241.4; CR4 26.4%; Revenue $72.3B; 9.97% of sectorNAICS 213111: Drilling oil and gas wells; HHI 559.2; CR4 40.9%; Revenue $18.5B; 2.55% of sectorNAICS 212115: Underground coal mining; HHI 702; CR4 45.1%; Revenue $17.1B; 2.35% of sectorNAICS 212312: Crushed and broken limestone mining and quarrying; HHI 287.1; CR4 28.6%; Revenue $10.6B; 1.46% of sectorNAICS 212114: Surface coal mining; HHI 612.2; CR4 43.7%; Revenue $10.4B; 1.43% of sectorNAICS 212321: Construction sand and gravel mining; HHI 90; CR4 13.5%; Revenue $8.3B; 1.14% of sectorNAICS 212390: Other nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying; HHI 674.4; CR4 44.9%; Revenue $5.8B; 0.80% of sectorNAICS 212319: Other crushed and broken stone mining and quarrying; HHI 285; CR4 25.3%; Revenue $3.2B; 0.45% of sectorNAICS 212313: Crushed and broken granite mining and quarrying; HHI 1,665.6; CR4 71.0%; Revenue $3.1B; 0.43% of sectorNAICS 212290: Other metal ore mining; HHI 1,888.9; CR4 78.7%; Revenue $2B; 0.27% of sectorNAICS 212323: Kaolin, clay, and ceramic and refractory minerals mining; HHI 852.7; CR4 49.4%; Revenue $1.6B; 0.22% of sectorNAICS 213114: Support activities for metal mining; HHI 757.4; CR4 50.0%; Revenue $1.5B; 0.21% of sectorNAICS 213115: Support activities for nonmetallic minerals (except fuels) mining; HHI 295; CR4 28.1%; Revenue $1.1B; 0.15% of sectorNAICS 213113: Support activities for coal mining; HHI 395.3; CR4 31.3%; Revenue $889.3M; 0.12% of sectorNAICS 212311: Dimension stone mining and quarrying; HHI 167.1; CR4 19.8%; Revenue $770.3M; 0.11% of sectorNAICS 211120: Crude petroleum extraction; HHI 572.1; CR4 40.7%; Revenue $354.1B; 48.84% of sector
0-499500-9991,000-1,4991,500-2,4992,500+Withheld

Bubble size describes economic weight inside this NAICS sector. HHI and CR4 remain national statistical screens, not product-market definitions or findings of market power.

Sector intelligence dossier

From industry structure to antitrust evidence

Join the Census screen for Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction to descendant curated markets, public enforcement records, research outputs, and the next evidence queue.

Observatory coverage

Research coverage gap

NAICS 21 / national sector screen

Detailed industries

21

17 HHI published

Curated markets

0

0 exact NAICS crosswalks

Policy actions

0

0 linked reports

Evidence sources

0

0 Census HHI at 2,500+

Explicit research gap

No descendant market dossier is curated yet

The sector remains fully available as a Census structure screen. Product boundaries, geographic scope, and market-specific public sources still need to be assembled before a legal-market bridge can be published.

Market-definition protocol

Descendant NAICS codes provide a research crosswalk only. They do not make a curated product and geographic market equivalent to its Census industry, and market metrics are never aggregated into a sector score.

Review method

Firm concentration ladder

How much revenue the largest firms hold

Each rung widens the group of largest firms included in the Census concentration ratio.

CR4Four largest firms21.3%
CR8Eight largest firms31.6%
CR20Twenty largest firms49.3%
CR50Fifty largest firms67.7%

Same-level benchmark

Position in the hierarchy

MeasureThis rowMedian
HHI185.723
CR421.3%6.9%
Revenue$725.1B$1.3T
Firms16.1K265.5K

HHI distance from median

+162.7

NAICS hierarchy

Move up or down the classification tree

Level 2 of 6

Federal merger-review composition

Where NAICS 21 appears in HSR review releases

Each release aggregates its own published acquired-entity 3-digit rows. Volume, review stages, labels, denominators, and source custody remain separate from the Census concentration screen.

Open filtered HSR atlas

FY2023 sector aggregate

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction

3 published 3-digit rows

Exact code + normalized label
68adjusted transactionsRank 9 of 19classified HSR sectors
Published share
3.9%
of adjusted release transactions
Agency clearances
2
1.1% of release / rank 12
Second Requests
0
0.0% of release / rank 9
Intra-industry flags
19
24.1% of release / rank 1

FY2024 sector aggregate

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction

3 published 3-digit rows

Exact code + normalized label
78adjusted transactionsRank 7 of 19classified HSR sectors
Published share
4.0%
of adjusted release transactions
Agency clearances
16
8.7% of release / rank 3
Second Requests
5
8.5% of release / rank 3
Intra-industry flags
14
17.5% of release / rank 2

Adjacent-release shift

Stable HSR sector code and label

FY2023 to FY2024

Exact HSR sector code 21 is published in FY2023 and FY2024 with a stable source label. The deltas compare adjacent release aggregates without recoding their 3-digit rows.

Transactions
+10
Published share
+0.1 pp
Clearances
+14
Second Requests
+5
Intra-industry
-5
Published rows
0

Interpretation boundary

This bridge joins only the exact broad-sector NAICS code published by both sources. The 2022 Economic Census sector row measures economy-wide employer-firm structure, while each HSR sector aggregate sums the release's published acquired-entity 3-digit rows. The shared code does not define a legal antitrust market, measure a sector merger rate, establish competitive harm, or score agency performance.

Intra-industry field

An intra-industry transaction means the acquiring and acquired persons both reported revenue in the same 3-digit NAICS code. It does not establish a horizontal overlap, relevant antitrust market, or competitive effect.

Nearest structural neighbors

Comparable fingerprints across the economy

Smallest mean national-percentile gaps across HHI, CR4, CR8, revenue, employment, and employer firms, using the same published dimensions as this row.

Evidence access

Reuse this exact row

Source citation

U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Economic Census, EC2200SIZECONCEN: Selected Sectors - Concentration of Largest Firms for the United States, released April 2025.

Industry screen, not market conclusion

A NAICS industry is a statistical classification, not a legally defined antitrust market. Use these national revenue concentration measures to screen where deeper product and geographic market analysis may be warranted, not to infer market power or liability.

Market definition method
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction industry concentration (NAICS 21) | Antitrust Radar