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2022 Economic Census / NAICS 61

Educational services

The four largest firms in Educational services accounted for 5% of the industry's 2022 sales, value of shipments, or revenue, and its concentration (HHI 11) ranks 13 of 17 sectors in the Economic Census. What is HHI?

National employer-firm concentration for this sector, measured from sales, value of shipments, or revenue. Census categories are statistical groupings, not necessarily antitrust markets.

SectorEducational servicesMiddle half

Revenue-based HHI

11

61
03,500
Same-level median 2329th percentile

National rank

#13

of 17 published

Sector rank

N/A

of 12 published

Largest 4 firms

5%

Share of industry revenue

Revenue

$89.6B

Sales, shipments, or revenue

Employer firms

82.9K

82,897

Employment

838.9K

838,902

Four source-bounded systems

Sector evidence passport

Open sector atlas

The passport juxtaposes four source-bounded sector signals for navigation. Each cell retains its own period, denominator, source, and rank universe; the cells are not combined into a sector score, merger rate, legal market, causal estimate, or assessment of competitive harm.

Industry profileEducational servicesSector · HHI 11 · CR4 5%

  • GeographyUnited StatesNational firm totals
  • UniverseEmployer firmsFirms with payroll
  • MeasurementRevenue concentrationSales, shipments, or revenue
  • Permitted useScreening onlyNot a legal market definition

Longitudinal sector pulse

How typical detailed industries changed inside Educational services

Compare six strict-match medians, their publication coverage, and each sector's position among 17 economy-wide rows.

NAICS 61

Median HHI-point change across strict six-digit matches

-1.8 pts#14 highest change of 17 sectors

Economy median

+1.6 ptsAcross sector medians
2017 paired median
76.7
2022 paired median
94.5
Published pairs
10 of 14
Direction mix
4 up / 6 down

Interpretation

The typical published detailed-industry HHI moved -1.8 pts. This distribution statistic is separate from the official broad-sector HHI row.

Classification boundary: 0 changed and 0 new detailed rows remain outside strict deltas.

Open economy sector atlas Detailed change JSONDetailed change CSV
Sector rows summarize strict six-digit NAICS matches. Their medians are not sector HHI values, legal antitrust markets, liability findings, or causal estimates. Vintage medians and the median of row-level changes are distinct distribution statistics and need not reconcile. Publication coverage varies by metric, and revenue changes are nominal.

Census formation and sector context

Monthly formation signals beside annual sector structure

60 monthly observations for the exact NAICS 61 broad-sector contract.
Direct broad-sector join
Business Applications
8,535
Jul 2026 monthly count
Application annual change
+23.0%
Same month one year earlier
U.S. application share
1.5%
Share of national applications
High-propensity mix
13.3%
1,137 applications
Projected formations
429
Modeled four-quarter source projection
Establishment entry rate
11.2%
2023 annual BDS rate

Monthly source trajectory

Applications and high-propensity applications

Aug 2021 to Jul 2026
Business ApplicationsHigh-Propensity Business Applications
Sixty-month business application trajectory for Educational servicesBusiness Applications and the high-propensity subset share one count axis. The chapter describes the selected broad sector.10K7.5K5K2.5K0Aug 2021Nov 2022Feb 2024May 2025Jul 2026
95,576 applications / latest 12 months13,767 high-propensity / latest 12 months

Source clocks

Four releases, three measurement systems

Business Formation Statistics
2026-07
monthly applications and projected formations
Business Dynamics Statistics
2023
annual employer-establishment flows
Economic Census structure
2022
median across detailed-industry HHI rows
Strict concentration history
2017-2022
same-code and same-label detailed pairs
Source custody
Exact broad-sector boundary

NAICS 61 is the exact broad-sector contract used by this chapter. This atlas joins only exact broad-sector NAICS contracts across three separate Census systems: monthly Business Formation Statistics, annual Business Dynamics Statistics, and Economic Census industry structure. The release clocks, populations, denominators, and measures remain distinct. Positions are descriptive context, not composite competition scores, causal estimates, legal antitrust markets, or evidence that applications, entry, concentration, and competitive effects are interchangeable.

BLS labor and payroll context

Education + health signals across linked sectors

2 Census sectors share these BLS source-group readings; none is allocated a separate value.
Shared BLS group
Job openings
5.0%
Jun 2026 JOLTS rate
Hires
2.8%
Jun 2026 JOLTS rate
Quits
1.7%
Jun 2026 JOLTS rate
Layoffs + discharges
0.7%
Jun 2026 JOLTS rate
All employees
28M
27,962 thousand payroll jobs
Weekly hours
32.8
+0.1 hrs from year earlier
Hourly earnings
$36.18
+1.7% from year earlier

JOLTS worker flows

Openings and quits on native rate scales

Jul 2021 to Jun 2026
Job openings rateQuits rate
Sixty-month JOLTS openings and quits ratesJob openings and quits rates for the mapped Education and health services source group. The measures keep their published denominators and are not a labor-market power score.10.0%7.5%5.0%2.5%0.0%Jul 2021Oct 2022Jan 2024Apr 2025Jun 2026
-0.5 pp openings / year earlier-0.2 pp quits / year earlier

CES payroll context

Payroll jobs and nominal earnings, indexed

Aug 2021 = 100
Payroll jobsHourly earnings
Sixty-month CES payroll jobs and hourly earnings indexesPayroll jobs and nominal average hourly earnings for the mapped Private education and health services source group, each independently indexed to 100 in the first displayed month. Native levels remain in the readouts.12511811010395Aug 2021Nov 2022Feb 2024May 2025Jul 2026
+2.0% payroll jobs / year earlier+1.7% nominal earnings / year earlier

Declared classification bridge

One profile, two source-owned industry groups

Selected Census parent
NAICS 61
Educational services
JOLTS group
600000
Education and health services
CES supersector
65
Private education and health services
Mapped Census sectors
2
61, 62

Independent release clocks

Two monthly systems, no merged series

JOLTS worker flows
2026-06
60 displayed months · latest preliminary
CES payroll context
2026-07
60 displayed months · latest preliminary
Source custody
Shared-group boundary

The selected Educational services sector (NAICS 61) is one of 2 Census-sector contexts attached to the broader Education and health services JOLTS and Private education and health services CES groups. Their published values cannot be allocated to this sector alone. JOLTS industry rates describe national labor demand and worker-flow activity in broad BLS industry groups. They do not measure employer concentration, monopsony power, wages, bargaining power, job quality, local labor-market conditions, worker substitutability, a legal labor market, or the competitive cause of a change. The job openings rate uses employment plus openings as its denominator. Hires, quits, and layoffs and discharges use employment. Rates may be compared across published industry groups within the same measure, but different measures must not be added together or treated as a common flow balance. CES employment, hours, and earnings describe national payroll jobs and establishment averages in broad private-industry groups. They do not measure unique workers, vacancies, employer concentration, monopsony power, bargaining power, job quality, a local or occupational labor market, a legal antitrust market, or the competitive cause of a change. All-employee hourly earnings are current-dollar averages and are not adjusted for inflation. Changes can reflect shifts in industry and worker composition. Employment is reported in thousands of payroll jobs, so multiple jobholders may be counted more than once. Compare industries only within the same published measure; do not add or ratio the three measures into a common score. The two releases remain separate and are not combined into a labor-market, monopsony, competition, welfare, or causal score.

BEA industry output context

Education in the U.S. value-added map

Exact broad-sector bridge from Census NAICS 61 to BEA line 75.
Exact sector context
GDP share
1.1%
2025 current-dollar composition
Real growth
-1.3%
2026-Q1 annualized BEA convention
Growth contribution
-0.01 pp
2026-Q1 contribution to real GDP growth
Real quantity index
112.7
2026-Q1 / 2017=100
Current value added
$352.88B
2026-Q1 seasonally adjusted annual rate

Annual composition trajectory

Share of current-dollar GDP

1997-2025
Education annual share of current-dollar GDPBEA value-added share from 1997 through 2025. This is an accounting composition measure, not a market share.2.0%1.5%1.0%0.5%0.0%19972004201120182025
0.9%1997+0.2 pplong-run shift1.1%2025
Source custodyU.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis / 2026-06-25GDP by Industry, value-added tablesOfficial BEA releaseAccess reviewed 2026-08-15
Exact broad-sector boundary

BEA line 75 and Census NAICS 61 share the declared broad-sector classification used by this profile. BEA value added measures an industry's contribution to GDP. It is not sales, gross output, profit, a markup, market share, concentration, a legal antitrust market, or evidence of competitive harm or causation. Current-dollar value-added shares reflect both prices and quantities. Real value added uses chained 2017 dollars and is suitable for growth comparisons, but chained-dollar industry components are not additive. Quarterly levels are seasonally adjusted at annual rates, and quarterly growth and contribution measures retain BEA's published annualized convention. The BEA table contains nested industries, cross-industry aggregates, and addenda. Only the 20 major-industry rows form the composition view; summing those rows with their children, parent aggregates, or addenda would double count activity.

BEA domestic production requirements

Educational services in the U.S. production network

Exact published code bridge from Census NAICS 61 to BEA summary industry 61.
Exact 71-industry line
BEA lines in scope
1
one exact published industry
Annual matrices
28
1997-2024
Raw matrix cells
1,988
retained without aggregation
Net requirement
1.5730
domestic output per $1 final use
Own requirement
1.0054
diagonal direct + indirect

Strongest external requirements

Suppliers required by Educational services

Other real estateORE / Real estate0.1180Administrative and support services561 / Administrative services0.0486Miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services5412OP / Professional services0.0478Management of companies and enterprises55 / Company management0.0340Data processing, internet publishing, and other information services514 / Information0.0239Insurance carriers and related activities524 / Finance0.0229Wholesale trade42 / Wholesale0.0217Food and beverage and tobacco products311FT / Manufacturing0.0175
Source custodyU.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis / 2025-09-25Input-Output Accounts, domestic requirements tablesOfficial BEA tablesAccess reviewed 2026-08-15
Exact accounting line

Census NAICS 61 and BEA summary industry 61 share the exact published code used by this profile. A domestic total-requirements coefficient reports the U.S. output required from the supplier-row industry, directly and indirectly, per dollar of output delivered to final use by the buyer-column industry. It is not observed spending, a contract, a firm supplier link, market share, concentration, a legal antitrust market, competitive harm, or causation. Rows are supplying industries and columns are buyer industries delivering output to final use. Reading down a buyer column traces upstream requirements; reading across a supplier row traces the industries whose final-use output requires that supplier. BEA requirements tables use fixed input structures, constant returns to scale, and no input substitution. Coefficients are average, ex-post industry relationships; domestic import adjustments are estimated and do not identify firm-specific sourcing. Diagonal values include an industry's own direct and indirect requirements. Published negative coefficients are retained as accounting adjustments and must not be ranked as positive supply requirements.

Longitudinal sector profile

Business formation and job flows since 1978

46 annual BDS records compare Educational services with the national series while preserving the BDS universe.
Educational services
11.167%
2023 sector rate
United States
10.608%
2023 national rate
Sector gap
+0.559 pp
Above U.S. rate
Joined-sector rank
#7
of 17 by magnitude

Establishment entry rate

Educational services and the United States

Entering establishments as a share of the Census BDS establishment denominator.
Educational servicesUnited States
2023Educational services11.167%United States10.608%Gap +0.559 pp
1978: United States 15.146%; Educational services 13.973%1979: United States 13.970%; Educational services 12.714%1980: United States 12.806%; Educational services 11.200%1981: United States 12.797%; Educational services 11.034%1982: United States 12.464%; Educational services 10.771%1983: United States 13.389%; Educational services 12.368%1984: United States 14.534%; Educational services 12.955%1985: United States 13.810%; Educational services 12.103%1986: United States 14.095%; Educational services 12.878%1987: United States 14.325%; Educational services 12.230%1988: United States 13.959%; Educational services 12.875%1989: United States 13.368%; Educational services 12.617%1990: United States 12.683%; Educational services 13.080%1991: United States 12.358%; Educational services 12.337%1992: United States 11.577%; Educational services 11.916%1993: United States 11.509%; Educational services 12.137%1994: United States 11.885%; Educational services 12.699%1995: United States 12.058%; Educational services 12.665%1996: United States 11.795%; Educational services 12.682%1997: United States 12.200%; Educational services 12.269%1998: United States 11.438%; Educational services 11.426%1999: United States 11.115%; Educational services 11.323%2000: United States 10.848%; Educational services 11.186%2001: United States 10.990%; Educational services 11.446%2002: United States 11.911%; Educational services 12.101%2003: United States 11.425%; Educational services 11.818%2004: United States 11.511%; Educational services 11.646%2005: United States 11.615%; Educational services 12.390%2006: United States 12.495%; Educational services 13.156%2007: United States 11.761%; Educational services 11.765%2008: United States 10.307%; Educational services 10.984%2009: United States 9.281%; Educational services 10.299%2010: United States 9.495%; Educational services 10.893%2011: United States 9.886%; Educational services 10.929%2012: United States 10.018%; Educational services 10.955%2013: United States 9.807%; Educational services 10.603%2014: United States 9.906%; Educational services 10.121%2015: United States 10.025%; Educational services 10.838%2016: United States 10.194%; Educational services 10.467%2017: United States 9.675%; Educational services 10.325%2018: United States 9.414%; Educational services 9.913%2019: United States 9.613%; Educational services 10.280%2020: United States 9.637%; Educational services 10.697%2021: United States 10.845%; Educational services 10.999%2022: United States 11.651%; Educational services 12.527%2023: United States 10.608%; Educational services 11.167%
1978
13.973%
-2.806 pp to latest
2018
9.913%
Higher than 2018
Series high / 1978
13.973%
Highest published rate
Series low / 2018
9.913%
Lowest published rate

Exact annual series

Sector and national values

2023 back to 1978
Establishment entry rate for Educational services and the United States, with the sector-minus-national gap.
Year61United StatesGap
202311.167%10.608%+0.559 pp
202212.527%11.651%+0.876 pp
202110.999%10.845%+0.154 pp
202010.697%9.637%+1.06 pp
201910.28%9.613%+0.667 pp
20189.913%9.414%+0.499 pp
201710.325%9.675%+0.65 pp
201610.467%10.194%+0.273 pp
201510.838%10.025%+0.813 pp
201410.121%9.906%+0.215 pp
201310.603%9.807%+0.796 pp
201210.955%10.018%+0.937 pp
201110.929%9.886%+1.043 pp
201010.893%9.495%+1.398 pp
200910.299%9.281%+1.018 pp
200810.984%10.307%+0.677 pp
200711.765%11.761%+0.004 pp
200613.156%12.495%+0.661 pp
200512.39%11.615%+0.775 pp
200411.646%11.511%+0.135 pp
200311.818%11.425%+0.393 pp
200212.101%11.911%+0.19 pp
200111.446%10.99%+0.456 pp
200011.186%10.848%+0.338 pp
199911.323%11.115%+0.208 pp
199811.426%11.438%-0.012 pp
199712.269%12.2%+0.069 pp
199612.682%11.795%+0.887 pp
199512.665%12.058%+0.607 pp
199412.699%11.885%+0.814 pp
199312.137%11.509%+0.628 pp
199211.916%11.577%+0.339 pp
199112.337%12.358%-0.021 pp
199013.08%12.683%+0.397 pp
198912.617%13.368%-0.751 pp
198812.875%13.959%-1.084 pp
198712.23%14.325%-2.095 pp
198612.878%14.095%-1.217 pp
198512.103%13.81%-1.707 pp
198412.955%14.534%-1.579 pp
198312.368%13.389%-1.021 pp
198210.771%12.464%-1.693 pp
198111.034%12.797%-1.763 pp
198011.2%12.806%-1.606 pp
197912.714%13.97%-1.256 pp
197813.973%15.146%-1.173 pp

Sector structure lab

Map concentration inside Educational services

Each bubble is one six-digit industry. Horizontal position is revenue-based HHI, vertical position is CR4, and bubble area follows the selected economic scale.

Detailed industries14Six-digit rows
Median HHI75.612 published
Median CR415.0%14 published
HHI 2,500+0Detailed rows
Published weight95.2%Revenue in chart

Bubble area = revenue

12 rows have both HHI and CR4 / 2 HHI values withheld

Top-five revenue share / 69.5%
NAICS 611430: Professional and management development training; HHI 35; CR4 7.7%; Revenue $14.6B; 16.28% of sectorNAICS 611620: Sports and recreation instruction; HHI 13; CR4 5.9%; Revenue $11.6B; 13.00% of sectorNAICS 611691: Exam preparation and tutoring; HHI 186.6; CR4 22.1%; Revenue $7.3B; 8.14% of sectorNAICS 611519: Other technical and trade schools; HHI 83.8; CR4 13.2%; Revenue $7B; 7.78% of sectorNAICS 611610: Fine arts schools; HHI 2.2; CR4 1.7%; Revenue $6.9B; 7.68% of sectorNAICS 611699: All other miscellaneous schools and instruction; HHI 37.5; CR4 10.2%; Revenue $4.9B; 5.46% of sectorNAICS 611420: Computer training; HHI 177.4; CR4 22.2%; Revenue $4.5B; 5.01% of sectorNAICS 611513: Apprenticeship training; HHI 65.5; CR4 10.4%; Revenue $2.2B; 2.41% of sectorNAICS 611511: Cosmetology and barber schools; HHI 67.4; CR4 13.0%; Revenue $2B; 2.28% of sectorNAICS 611692: Automobile driving schools; HHI 121.1; CR4 18.7%; Revenue $1.3B; 1.49% of sectorNAICS 611630: Language schools; HHI 266.3; CR4 29.2%; Revenue $1.3B; 1.44% of sectorNAICS 611710: Educational support services; HHI 105.3; CR4 16.8%; Revenue $21.8B; 24.30% of sector
0-499500-9991,000-1,4991,500-2,4992,500+Withheld

Disclosure lane

Rows missing HHI or CR4 stay outside the numerical plane.

2 rows / 4.8% of revenue
611512Flight training$4.1B / 4.61%611410Business and secretarial schools$126.2M / 0.14%

Active detailed industry

Educational support servicesNAICS 611710
HHI105.3
CR416.8%
Revenue$21.8B#1 / 24.30% of sector
Open evidence profile

Largest by revenue

Hover or focus to inspect

Top 8
01Educational support services611710$21.8B24.3%02Professional and management development training611430$14.6B16.3%03Sports and recreation instruction611620$11.6B13.0%04Exam preparation and tutoring611691$7.3B8.1%05Other technical and trade schools611519$7B7.8%06Fine arts schools611610$6.9B7.7%07All other miscellaneous schools and instruction611699$4.9B5.5%08Computer training611420$4.5B5.0%

Continue analysis

Compare top fourCurrent revenue leadersSector JSON14 detailed rowsSector CSVNotebook-ready packet

Bubble size describes economic weight inside this NAICS sector. HHI and CR4 remain national statistical screens, not product-market definitions or findings of market power.

Sector intelligence dossier

From industry structure to antitrust evidence

Join the Census screen for Educational services to descendant curated markets, public enforcement records, research outputs, and the next evidence queue.

Observatory coverage

Research coverage gap

NAICS 61 / national sector screen

Detailed industries

14

12 HHI published

Curated markets

0

0 exact NAICS crosswalks

Policy actions

0

0 linked reports

Evidence sources

0

0 Census HHI at 2,500+

Explicit research gap

No descendant market dossier is curated yet

The sector remains fully available as a Census structure screen. Product boundaries, geographic scope, and market-specific public sources still need to be assembled before a legal-market bridge can be published.

Market-definition protocol

Start with published Census signals

611630Language schools266.3611691Exam preparation and tutoring186.6611420Computer training177.4

Descendant NAICS codes provide a research crosswalk only. They do not make a curated product and geographic market equivalent to its Census industry, and market metrics are never aggregated into a sector score.

Review method

Firm concentration ladder

How much revenue the largest firms hold

Each rung widens the group of largest firms included in the Census concentration ratio.

CR4Four largest firms5%
CR8Eight largest firms7.4%
CR20Twenty largest firms11.9%
CR50Fifty largest firms18.5%

Same-level benchmark

Position in the hierarchy

MeasureThis rowMedian
HHI1123
CR45%6.9%
Revenue$89.6B$1.3T
Firms82.9K265.5K

HHI distance from median

-12

NAICS hierarchy

Move up or down the classification tree

Level 2 of 6
61 Educational services

Direct child categories

611Educational services

Federal merger-review composition

Where NAICS 61 appears in HSR review releases

Each release aggregates its own published acquired-entity 3-digit rows. Volume, review stages, labels, denominators, and source custody remain separate from the Census concentration screen.

Open filtered HSR atlas

FY2023 sector aggregate

Educational services

1 published 3-digit row

Exact code + normalized label
14adjusted transactionsRank 16 of 19classified HSR sectors
Published share
0.8%
of adjusted release transactions
Agency clearances
2
1.1% of release / rank 12
Second Requests
0
0.0% of release / rank 9
Intra-industry flags
0
0.0% of release / rank 15

FY2024 sector aggregate

Educational services

1 published 3-digit row

Exact code + normalized label
11adjusted transactionsRank 17 of 19classified HSR sectors
Published share
0.6%
of adjusted release transactions
Agency clearances
0
0.0% of release / rank 17
Second Requests
1
1.7% of release / rank 13
Intra-industry flags
0
0.0% of release / rank 15

Adjacent-release shift

Stable HSR sector code and label

FY2023 to FY2024

Exact HSR sector code 61 is published in FY2023 and FY2024 with a stable source label. The deltas compare adjacent release aggregates without recoding their 3-digit rows.

Transactions
-3
Published share
-0.2 pp
Clearances
-2
Second Requests
+1
Intra-industry
0
Published rows
0

Interpretation boundary

This bridge joins only the exact broad-sector NAICS code published by both sources. The 2022 Economic Census sector row measures economy-wide employer-firm structure, while each HSR sector aggregate sums the release's published acquired-entity 3-digit rows. The shared code does not define a legal antitrust market, measure a sector merger rate, establish competitive harm, or score agency performance.

Intra-industry field

An intra-industry transaction means the acquiring and acquired persons both reported revenue in the same 3-digit NAICS code. It does not establish a horizontal overlap, relevant antitrust market, or competitive effect.

Nearest structural neighbors

Comparable fingerprints across the economy

Smallest mean national-percentile gaps across HHI, CR4, CR8, revenue, employment, and employer firms, using the same published dimensions as this row.

Evidence access

Reuse this exact row

Filtered JSONNAICS 61Download CSVOne-row data packetCensus source archiveEC2200SIZECONCEN

Source citation

U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Economic Census, EC2200SIZECONCEN: Selected Sectors - Concentration of Largest Firms for the United States, released April 2025.

Industry screen, not market conclusion

A NAICS industry is a statistical classification, not a legally defined antitrust market. Use these national revenue concentration measures to screen where deeper product and geographic market analysis may be warranted, not to infer market power or liability.

Market definition method
Educational services industry concentration (NAICS 61) | Antitrust Radar