Antitrust Radar

International regulatory benchmark / OECD

Spain PMR Profile

Compare published OECD product-market regulation indicators within their stated reference periods. Regulatory scores describe encoded policy settings, not observed market outcomes.

Compare nine OECD-published regulatory indicators across 55 economies. Lower values indicate fewer encoded barriers on the OECD 0-6 scale; they do not measure concentration or enforcement performance.
Explore atlasAll economiesPolicy systemsJSONCSV
Spain geographic locatorSpain is highlighted on Natural Earth world geography. The locator establishes geographic identity and does not encode a metric.
Selected economyESP / SpainOECD / Natural Earth 1:110m / identity, not PMR
Overall PMR
1.163
OECD aggregate / 0-6
Lower-barrier rank
12 / 55
ascending current value
Reference date
2023
Jan 1, 2023
Comparable change
0.000
No rounded change
ESPSpainJoined evidence / 2 / 2 source lanes
CompareOpen shared workspaceEvidence briefOpen research note

International comparison workspace

Distortions induced by public ownership55 visible economies / lower value means fewer encoded barriers

World distribution

Public ownership across 55 economies

OECD medium-level indicator covering the scope, quality, and governance of public ownership.
Fewer encoded barriersPublic ownership rangesMore encoded barriers
  1. < 1.00
  2. 1.00-1.24
  3. 1.25-1.49
  4. 1.50-1.74
  5. 1.75-2.24
  6. 2.25-2.74
  7. 2.75+
No PMR value / filtered
Distortions induced by public ownership world mapLinked economy geometries colored by the current OECD Product Market Regulation value. Lower values use green and higher values use red.Afghanistan: no PMR valueAlbania: no PMR valueAlgeria: no PMR valueAngola: no PMR valueArgentina: 2.165 Public ownershipArmenia: 1.838 Public ownershipAustralia: 1.270 Public ownershipAustria: 1.299 Public ownershipAzerbaijan: no PMR valueBahamas: no PMR valueBangladesh: no PMR valueBelarus: no PMR valueBelgium: 0.985 Public ownershipBelize: no PMR valueBenin: no PMR valueBhutan: no PMR valueBolivia: no PMR valueBosnia and Herzegovina: no PMR valueBotswana: no PMR valueBrazil: 1.875 Public ownershipBrunei Darussalam: no PMR valueBulgaria: 0.589 Public ownershipBurkina Faso: no PMR valueBurundi: no PMR valueCambodia: no PMR valueCameroon: no PMR valueCanada: 2.435 Public ownershipCentral African Republic: no PMR valueChad: no PMR valueChile: 1.653 Public ownershipChina: 2.499 Public ownershipColombia: 1.687 Public ownershipCosta Rica: 1.853 Public ownershipCôte d'Ivoire: no PMR valueCroatia: 1.613 Public ownershipCuba: no PMR valueCyprus: 1.615 Public ownershipCzechia: 1.280 Public ownershipDem. Rep. Korea: no PMR valueDemocratic Republic of the Congo: no PMR valueDenmark: 0.911 Public ownershipDjibouti: no PMR valueDominican Republic: no PMR valueEcuador: no PMR valueEgypt: no PMR valueEl Salvador: no PMR valueEquatorial Guinea: no PMR valueEritrea: no PMR valueEstonia: 0.590 Public ownershipEthiopia: no PMR valueFalkland Islands / Malvinas: no PMR valueFiji: no PMR valueFinland: 0.575 Public ownershipFrance: 0.944 Public ownershipFrench Southern and Antarctic Lands: no PMR valueGabon: no PMR valueGeorgia: no PMR valueGermany: 1.360 Public ownershipGhana: no PMR valueGreece: 1.026 Public ownershipGreenland: no PMR valueGuatemala: no PMR valueGuinea: no PMR valueGuinea-Bissau: no PMR valueGuyana: no PMR valueHaiti: no PMR valueHonduras: no PMR valueHungary: 1.077 Public ownershipIceland: 0.699 Public ownershipIndia: no PMR valueIndonesia: 1.224 Public ownershipIran: no PMR valueIraq: no PMR valueIreland: 0.911 Public ownershipIsrael: 1.184 Public ownershipItaly: 0.456 Public ownershipJamaica: no PMR valueJapan: 1.637 Public ownershipJordan: no PMR valueKazakhstan: no PMR valueKenya: 2.697 Public ownershipKingdom of eSwatini: no PMR valueKosovo: no PMR valueKuwait: no PMR valueKyrgyzstan: no PMR valueLao PDR: no PMR valueLatvia: 0.870 Public ownershipLebanon: no PMR valueLesotho: no PMR valueLiberia: no PMR valueLibya: no PMR valueLithuania: 0.768 Public ownershipLuxembourg: 1.547 Public ownershipMadagascar: no PMR valueMalawi: no PMR valueMalaysia: no PMR valueMali: no PMR valueMauritania: no PMR valueMexico: 3.341 Public ownershipMoldova: 1.877 Public ownershipMongolia: no PMR valueMontenegro: no PMR valueMorocco: 2.627 Public ownershipMozambique: no PMR valueMyanmar: no PMR valueNamibia: no PMR valueNepal: no PMR valueNetherlands: 0.455 Public ownershipNew Caledonia: no PMR valueNew Zealand: 1.117 Public ownershipNicaragua: no PMR valueNiger: no PMR valueNigeria: no PMR valueNorth Macedonia: no PMR valueNorthern Cyprus: no PMR valueNorway: 0.121 Public ownershipOman: no PMR valuePakistan: no PMR valuePalestine: no PMR valuePanama: no PMR valuePapua New Guinea: no PMR valueParaguay: no PMR valuePeru: 1.281 Public ownershipPhilippines: no PMR valuePoland: 1.627 Public ownershipPortugal: 1.218 Public ownershipPuerto Rico: no PMR valueQatar: no PMR valueKorea: 0.948 Public ownershipRepublic of the Congo: no PMR valueRomania: 1.190 Public ownershipRussian Federation: no PMR valueRwanda: no PMR valueSaudi Arabia: no PMR valueSenegal: no PMR valueSerbia: no PMR valueSierra Leone: no PMR valueSlovak Republic: 1.158 Public ownershipSlovenia: 0.223 Public ownershipSolomon Islands: no PMR valueSomalia: no PMR valueSomaliland: no PMR valueSouth Africa: 2.301 Public ownershipSouth Sudan: no PMR valueSpain: 1.170 Public ownershipSri Lanka: no PMR valueSudan: no PMR valueSuriname: no PMR valueSweden: 0.388 Public ownershipSwitzerland: 0.978 Public ownershipSyria: no PMR valueChinese Taipei: 1.724 Public ownershipTajikistan: no PMR valueTanzania: no PMR valueThailand: 1.618 Public ownershipThe Gambia: no PMR valueTimor-Leste: no PMR valueTogo: no PMR valueTrinidad and Tobago: no PMR valueTunisia: no PMR valueTürkiye: 2.790 Public ownershipTurkmenistan: no PMR valueUganda: no PMR valueUkraine: no PMR valueUnited Arab Emirates: no PMR valueUnited Kingdom: 1.198 Public ownershipUnited States: 2.101 Public ownershipUruguay: no PMR valueUzbekistan: no PMR valueVanuatu: no PMR valueVenezuela: no PMR valueVietnam: no PMR valueWestern Sahara: no PMR valueYemen: no PMR valueZambia: no PMR valueZimbabwe: no PMR valueMalta: 0.991 Public ownership
Natural Earth 1:110m / 176 geometriesOECD update: May 2026Borders are geographic context, not policy positions.

Published indicator architecture

Spain component ledger

One OECD aggregate, two high-level indicators, and six medium-level indicators. Bars share the source's 0-6 scale.
AOverall PMROverall Product Market Regulation1.1631.47812 / 55-0.024HState involvementDistortions induced by state involvement1.3241.46722 / 55-0.082HEntry barriersBarriers to domestic and foreign entry1.0031.4117 / 55+0.033MPublic ownershipDistortions induced by public ownership1.1701.22423 / 550.000MBusiness operationsInvolvement in business operations1.2771.24831 / 55-0.245MImpact evaluationRegulations impact evaluation1.5251.91116 / 550.000MAdministrative burdenAdministrative and regulatory burden1.1941.86910 / 55+0.363MService and network barriersBarriers in service and network sectors1.4351.84917 / 55-0.161MTrade and investmentBarriers to trade and investment0.3790.53211 / 55-0.101
Current valueAll-economy medianRecalculated 2018

Interpretation boundary

A regulatory benchmark, not a competition verdict

The atlas preserves what this source can answer and keeps unlike evidence systems separate.

What the indicators encode

OECD questionnaire responses and coded laws and regulations, aggregated under the 2023 PMR methodology.

What they do not establish

Observed market concentration, market definition, legal liability, enforcement quality, consumer outcomes, or causal effects.

Why dates differ

Each economy retains the exact date of the laws and regulations encoded in the workbook; current rows span 2023-2025.

Why 2018 is comparable

Only OECD's recalculated 2018 sheet is used. The discontinued old-methodology sheet is excluded from the observatory.

Canonical economy dossiers

Browse all 55 profiles

Every current economy has a stable route, exact source dates, the nine-measure ledger, and reusable JSON and CSV.
ARGArgentinaOECD-WBGARMArmeniaOECD-WBGAUSAustraliaOECDAUTAustriaOECDBELBelgiumOECDBRABrazilOECDBGRBulgariaOECDCANCanadaOECDCHLChileOECDCHNChinaOECD-WBGTWNChinese TaipeiOECDCOLColombiaOECD-WBGCRICosta RicaOECD-WBGHRVCroatiaOECDCYPCyprusOECDCZECzechiaOECDDNKDenmarkOECDESTEstoniaOECDFINFinlandOECDFRAFranceOECDDEUGermanyOECDGRCGreeceOECDHUNHungaryOECDISLIcelandOECDIDNIndonesiaOECDIRLIrelandOECDISRIsraelOECDITAItalyOECDJPNJapanOECDKENKenyaOECD-WBGKORKoreaOECDLVALatviaOECDLTULithuaniaOECDLUXLuxembourgOECDMLTMaltaOECDMEXMexicoOECDMDAMoldovaOECD-WBGMARMoroccoOECD-WBGNLDNetherlandsOECDNZLNew ZealandOECDNORNorwayOECDPERPeruOECD-WBGPOLPolandOECDPRTPortugalOECDROURomaniaOECDSVKSlovak RepublicOECDSVNSloveniaOECDZAFSouth AfricaOECDESPSpainOECDSWESwedenOECDCHESwitzerlandOECDTHAThailandOECD-ADBTURTürkiyeOECDGBRUnited KingdomOECDUSAUnited StatesOECD