{"license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","dataset":"research-agenda","count":46,"updatedThrough":"2026-07-21","summary":{"decreasedCount":26,"domainCount":5,"entityCount":32,"increasedCount":19,"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-21","methodCount":7,"questionCount":46,"requestCount":184,"sourceCount":12,"unchangedCount":1},"universeSummary":{"decreasedCount":26,"domainCount":5,"entityCount":32,"increasedCount":19,"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-21","methodCount":7,"questionCount":46,"requestCount":184,"sourceCount":12,"unchangedCount":1},"guardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established.","filters":{"direction":"all","directionMatched":true,"domain":"all","domainMatched":true,"method":"all","methodMatched":true,"query":"","question":null,"questionMatched":true,"view":"question","viewMatched":true,"scope":"slice","scopeMatched":true},"activeQuestionId":"business-dynamism:establishment-entry-rate","methods":[{"id":"market-mechanism","label":"Market mechanism","shortLabel":"Mechanism","detail":"Test entry, exit, switching, price, quality, capacity, and share pathways inside the declared market boundary.","metricIds":["market-hhi"],"color":"#12a8b5"},{"id":"share-accounting","label":"Share accounting","shortLabel":"Shares","detail":"Reconstruct participant-share movement while checking denominator, coverage, entry, exit, and transaction changes.","metricIds":["market-cr4","market-leader-share"],"color":"#1769e0"},{"id":"industry-disaggregation","label":"Industry disaggregation","shortLabel":"Industries","detail":"Trace a sector median back to strict six-digit Census rows before proposing a product or geographic market study.","metricIds":["industry-median-hhi"],"color":"#24a76f"},{"id":"geographic-structure","label":"Geographic structure","shortLabel":"Geography","detail":"Reconcile national and nested geographic concentration summaries with area-level distributions, provider or ownership paths, measurement boundaries, and local-market evidence.","metricIds":["state-bank-median-hhi","national-bank-deposit-hhi","fixed-broadband-hhi"],"color":"#0f766e"},{"id":"business-flow-context","label":"Business-flow context","shortLabel":"Business flows","detail":"Disaggregate national entry, exit, job-flow, and reallocation movement by sector, place, and firm age before proposing a competitive mechanism.","metricIds":["establishment-entry-rate","establishment-exit-rate","job-creation-rate","job-destruction-rate","net-job-creation-rate","reallocation-rate"],"color":"#6b5bd6"},{"id":"merger-program-context","label":"Merger program context","shortLabel":"Filings","detail":"Place HSR notification volume beside filing mix, transaction size, thresholds, exemptions, and macroeconomic context.","metricIds":["hsr-transactions"],"color":"#f39b22"},{"id":"review-process-context","label":"Review process context","shortLabel":"Review","detail":"Test whether transaction mix, clearance, adjusted denominators, or agency practice moved alongside the review rate.","metricIds":["hsr-second-request-rate"],"color":"#eb4a64"}],"rows":[{"id":"business-dynamism:establishment-entry-rate","ordinal":1,"question":"Which sectors, firm-age groups, places, financing conditions, or policy changes account for the latest national entry-rate movement?","methodId":"business-flow-context","methodLabel":"Business-flow context","methodDetail":"Disaggregate national entry, exit, job-flow, and reallocation movement by sector, place, and firm age before proposing a competitive mechanism.","evidenceRequests":["National and broad-sector BDS rows for both annual anchors using the same published rate definition.","Firm-age, establishment-age, state, and industry decompositions that can localize the aggregate movement.","Entry, exit, opening, closure, expansion, contraction, creation, and destruction components kept separately identified.","Financing, demand, technology, regulation, ownership, and merger context tested without treating co-movement as a competitive cause."],"domain":"dynamism","domainLabel":"Business dynamics","entityId":"us-business-dynamics","entityCode":"us-business-dynamics","entityLabel":"United States business dynamics","metricId":"establishment-entry-rate","metricLabel":"Establishment entry rate","unit":"percentage_points","priorPeriod":"2022","priorYear":2022,"priorValue":11.651,"latestPeriod":"2023","latestYear":2023,"latestValue":10.608,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":-1.043,"deltaPercent":-9,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Establishment entry rate moved from 11.7% in 2022 to 10.6% in 2023 (-1.043 percentage points).","interpretation":"The latest published national entry rate is lower than the prior annual BDS record. This business-flow movement does not measure concentration, market power, or a competitive cause.","comparisonNote":"Latest published Census BDS year versus the immediately preceding national annual record; the full 1978-2023 history remains available in the underlying explorer.","evidenceCount":46,"evidenceLabel":"46 national annual records / 1978-2023","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["census-business-dynamics-2023"],"publishers":["U.S. Census Bureau"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-19","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=business-dynamism%3Aestablishment-entry-rate#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Abusiness-dynamism%3Aestablishment-entry-rate&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/business-dynamism--establishment-entry-rate","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=business-dynamism%3Aestablishment-entry-rate#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=business-dynamism%3Aestablishment-entry-rate&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/economy/dynamism","explorerHref":"/economy/dynamism?metric=establishment-entry-rate&from=2013&to=2023&view=trend#dynamism-workspace","signalGuardrail":"Business Dynamics Statistics measure establishment, firm, and job flows within published national and NAICS-sector universes. They do not measure concentration, market power, legal antitrust markets, or the competitive cause of entry, exit, creation, or destruction.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"business-dynamism:establishment-exit-rate","ordinal":2,"question":"Which sectors, firm-age groups, places, closures, or ownership transitions account for the latest national exit-rate movement?","methodId":"business-flow-context","methodLabel":"Business-flow context","methodDetail":"Disaggregate national entry, exit, job-flow, and reallocation movement by sector, place, and firm age before proposing a competitive mechanism.","evidenceRequests":["National and broad-sector BDS rows for both annual anchors using the same published rate definition.","Firm-age, establishment-age, state, and industry decompositions that can localize the aggregate movement.","Entry, exit, opening, closure, expansion, contraction, creation, and destruction components kept separately identified.","Financing, demand, technology, regulation, ownership, and merger context tested without treating co-movement as a competitive cause."],"domain":"dynamism","domainLabel":"Business dynamics","entityId":"us-business-dynamics","entityCode":"us-business-dynamics","entityLabel":"United States business dynamics","metricId":"establishment-exit-rate","metricLabel":"Establishment exit rate","unit":"percentage_points","priorPeriod":"2022","priorYear":2022,"priorValue":9.512,"latestPeriod":"2023","latestYear":2023,"latestValue":9.396,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":-0.116,"deltaPercent":-1.2,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Establishment exit rate moved from 9.5% in 2022 to 9.4% in 2023 (-0.116 percentage points).","interpretation":"The latest published national exit rate is lower than the prior annual BDS record. This business-flow movement does not measure concentration, market power, or a competitive cause.","comparisonNote":"Latest published Census BDS year versus the immediately preceding national annual record; the full 1978-2023 history remains available in the underlying explorer.","evidenceCount":46,"evidenceLabel":"46 national annual records / 1978-2023","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["census-business-dynamics-2023"],"publishers":["U.S. Census Bureau"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-19","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=business-dynamism%3Aestablishment-exit-rate#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Abusiness-dynamism%3Aestablishment-exit-rate&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/business-dynamism--establishment-exit-rate","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=business-dynamism%3Aestablishment-exit-rate#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=business-dynamism%3Aestablishment-exit-rate&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/economy/dynamism","explorerHref":"/economy/dynamism?metric=establishment-exit-rate&from=2013&to=2023&view=trend#dynamism-workspace","signalGuardrail":"Business Dynamics Statistics measure establishment, firm, and job flows within published national and NAICS-sector universes. They do not measure concentration, market power, legal antitrust markets, or the competitive cause of entry, exit, creation, or destruction.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"business-dynamism:job-creation-rate","ordinal":3,"question":"Which opening and expanding establishments, sectors, places, or firm-age groups account for the change in gross job creation?","methodId":"business-flow-context","methodLabel":"Business-flow context","methodDetail":"Disaggregate national entry, exit, job-flow, and reallocation movement by sector, place, and firm age before proposing a competitive mechanism.","evidenceRequests":["National and broad-sector BDS rows for both annual anchors using the same published rate definition.","Firm-age, establishment-age, state, and industry decompositions that can localize the aggregate movement.","Entry, exit, opening, closure, expansion, contraction, creation, and destruction components kept separately identified.","Financing, demand, technology, regulation, ownership, and merger context tested without treating co-movement as a competitive cause."],"domain":"dynamism","domainLabel":"Business dynamics","entityId":"us-business-dynamics","entityCode":"us-business-dynamics","entityLabel":"United States business dynamics","metricId":"job-creation-rate","metricLabel":"Job creation rate","unit":"percentage_points","priorPeriod":"2022","priorYear":2022,"priorValue":16.577,"latestPeriod":"2023","latestYear":2023,"latestValue":13.592,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":-2.985,"deltaPercent":-18,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Job creation rate moved from 16.6% in 2022 to 13.6% in 2023 (-2.985 percentage points).","interpretation":"The latest published national job creation is lower than the prior annual BDS record. This business-flow movement does not measure concentration, market power, or a competitive cause.","comparisonNote":"Latest published Census BDS year versus the immediately preceding national annual record; the full 1978-2023 history remains available in the underlying explorer.","evidenceCount":46,"evidenceLabel":"46 national annual records / 1978-2023","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["census-business-dynamics-2023"],"publishers":["U.S. Census Bureau"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-19","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=business-dynamism%3Ajob-creation-rate#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Abusiness-dynamism%3Ajob-creation-rate&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/business-dynamism--job-creation-rate","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=business-dynamism%3Ajob-creation-rate#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=business-dynamism%3Ajob-creation-rate&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/economy/dynamism","explorerHref":"/economy/dynamism?metric=job-creation-rate&from=2013&to=2023&view=trend#dynamism-workspace","signalGuardrail":"Business Dynamics Statistics measure establishment, firm, and job flows within published national and NAICS-sector universes. They do not measure concentration, market power, legal antitrust markets, or the competitive cause of entry, exit, creation, or destruction.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"business-dynamism:job-destruction-rate","ordinal":4,"question":"Which closing and contracting establishments, sectors, places, or firm-age groups account for the change in gross job destruction?","methodId":"business-flow-context","methodLabel":"Business-flow context","methodDetail":"Disaggregate national entry, exit, job-flow, and reallocation movement by sector, place, and firm age before proposing a competitive mechanism.","evidenceRequests":["National and broad-sector BDS rows for both annual anchors using the same published rate definition.","Firm-age, establishment-age, state, and industry decompositions that can localize the aggregate movement.","Entry, exit, opening, closure, expansion, contraction, creation, and destruction components kept separately identified.","Financing, demand, technology, regulation, ownership, and merger context tested without treating co-movement as a competitive cause."],"domain":"dynamism","domainLabel":"Business dynamics","entityId":"us-business-dynamics","entityCode":"us-business-dynamics","entityLabel":"United States business dynamics","metricId":"job-destruction-rate","metricLabel":"Job destruction rate","unit":"percentage_points","priorPeriod":"2022","priorYear":2022,"priorValue":11.153,"latestPeriod":"2023","latestYear":2023,"latestValue":11.059,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":-0.094,"deltaPercent":-0.8,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Job destruction rate moved from 11.2% in 2022 to 11.1% in 2023 (-0.094 percentage points).","interpretation":"The latest published national job destruction is lower than the prior annual BDS record. This business-flow movement does not measure concentration, market power, or a competitive cause.","comparisonNote":"Latest published Census BDS year versus the immediately preceding national annual record; the full 1978-2023 history remains available in the underlying explorer.","evidenceCount":46,"evidenceLabel":"46 national annual records / 1978-2023","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["census-business-dynamics-2023"],"publishers":["U.S. Census Bureau"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-19","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=business-dynamism%3Ajob-destruction-rate#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Abusiness-dynamism%3Ajob-destruction-rate&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/business-dynamism--job-destruction-rate","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=business-dynamism%3Ajob-destruction-rate#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=business-dynamism%3Ajob-destruction-rate&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/economy/dynamism","explorerHref":"/economy/dynamism?metric=job-destruction-rate&from=2013&to=2023&view=trend#dynamism-workspace","signalGuardrail":"Business Dynamics Statistics measure establishment, firm, and job flows within published national and NAICS-sector universes. They do not measure concentration, market power, legal antitrust markets, or the competitive cause of entry, exit, creation, or destruction.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"business-dynamism:net-job-creation-rate","ordinal":5,"question":"How much of the change in net job creation comes from gross creation versus destruction, and which sectors or firm-age groups drive it?","methodId":"business-flow-context","methodLabel":"Business-flow context","methodDetail":"Disaggregate national entry, exit, job-flow, and reallocation movement by sector, place, and firm age before proposing a competitive mechanism.","evidenceRequests":["National and broad-sector BDS rows for both annual anchors using the same published rate definition.","Firm-age, establishment-age, state, and industry decompositions that can localize the aggregate movement.","Entry, exit, opening, closure, expansion, contraction, creation, and destruction components kept separately identified.","Financing, demand, technology, regulation, ownership, and merger context tested without treating co-movement as a competitive cause."],"domain":"dynamism","domainLabel":"Business dynamics","entityId":"us-business-dynamics","entityCode":"us-business-dynamics","entityLabel":"United States business dynamics","metricId":"net-job-creation-rate","metricLabel":"Net job creation rate","unit":"percentage_points","priorPeriod":"2022","priorYear":2022,"priorValue":5.424,"latestPeriod":"2023","latestYear":2023,"latestValue":2.534,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":-2.89,"deltaPercent":-53.3,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Net job creation rate moved from 5.4% in 2022 to 2.5% in 2023 (-2.890 percentage points).","interpretation":"The latest published national net job creation is lower than the prior annual BDS record. This business-flow movement does not measure concentration, market power, or a competitive cause.","comparisonNote":"Latest published Census BDS year versus the immediately preceding national annual record; the full 1978-2023 history remains available in the underlying explorer.","evidenceCount":46,"evidenceLabel":"46 national annual records / 1978-2023","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["census-business-dynamics-2023"],"publishers":["U.S. Census Bureau"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-19","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=business-dynamism%3Anet-job-creation-rate#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Abusiness-dynamism%3Anet-job-creation-rate&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/business-dynamism--net-job-creation-rate","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=business-dynamism%3Anet-job-creation-rate#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=business-dynamism%3Anet-job-creation-rate&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/economy/dynamism","explorerHref":"/economy/dynamism?metric=net-job-creation-rate&from=2013&to=2023&view=trend#dynamism-workspace","signalGuardrail":"Business Dynamics Statistics measure establishment, firm, and job flows within published national and NAICS-sector universes. They do not measure concentration, market power, legal antitrust markets, or the competitive cause of entry, exit, creation, or destruction.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"business-dynamism:reallocation-rate","ordinal":6,"question":"Which sectors, places, and firm-age groups account for the movement in excess job reallocation, and what entry or exit mechanisms merit study?","methodId":"business-flow-context","methodLabel":"Business-flow context","methodDetail":"Disaggregate national entry, exit, job-flow, and reallocation movement by sector, place, and firm age before proposing a competitive mechanism.","evidenceRequests":["National and broad-sector BDS rows for both annual anchors using the same published rate definition.","Firm-age, establishment-age, state, and industry decompositions that can localize the aggregate movement.","Entry, exit, opening, closure, expansion, contraction, creation, and destruction components kept separately identified.","Financing, demand, technology, regulation, ownership, and merger context tested without treating co-movement as a competitive cause."],"domain":"dynamism","domainLabel":"Business dynamics","entityId":"us-business-dynamics","entityCode":"us-business-dynamics","entityLabel":"United States business dynamics","metricId":"reallocation-rate","metricLabel":"Excess job reallocation rate","unit":"percentage_points","priorPeriod":"2022","priorYear":2022,"priorValue":22.306,"latestPeriod":"2023","latestYear":2023,"latestValue":22.118,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":-0.188,"deltaPercent":-0.8,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Excess job reallocation rate moved from 22.3% in 2022 to 22.1% in 2023 (-0.188 percentage points).","interpretation":"The latest published national excess reallocation is lower than the prior annual BDS record. This business-flow movement does not measure concentration, market power, or a competitive cause.","comparisonNote":"Latest published Census BDS year versus the immediately preceding national annual record; the full 1978-2023 history remains available in the underlying explorer.","evidenceCount":46,"evidenceLabel":"46 national annual records / 1978-2023","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["census-business-dynamics-2023"],"publishers":["U.S. Census Bureau"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-19","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=business-dynamism%3Areallocation-rate#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Abusiness-dynamism%3Areallocation-rate&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/business-dynamism--reallocation-rate","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=business-dynamism%3Areallocation-rate#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=business-dynamism%3Areallocation-rate&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/economy/dynamism","explorerHref":"/economy/dynamism?metric=reallocation-rate&from=2013&to=2023&view=trend#dynamism-workspace","signalGuardrail":"Business Dynamics Statistics measure establishment, firm, and job flows within published national and NAICS-sector universes. They do not measure concentration, market power, legal antitrust markets, or the competitive cause of entry, exit, creation, or destruction.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"fixed-broadband-hhi:tract-median","ordinal":7,"question":"Which areas and provider-share changes account for movement in the tract median, and how wide is the distribution hidden by the median?","methodId":"geographic-structure","methodLabel":"Geographic structure","methodDetail":"Reconcile national and nested geographic concentration summaries with area-level distributions, provider or ownership paths, measurement boundaries, and local-market evidence.","evidenceRequests":["Area-level provider connection shares behind the national or median geographic HHI path.","Full state, county, or tract HHI distributions so movement in the median is not mistaken for a uniform shift.","Technology, speed-tier, entry, exit, acquisition, and subscriber-mix records for both annual anchors.","Local product, geographic, pricing, quality, switching, and availability evidence before treating a reporting area as an antitrust market."],"domain":"geographies","domainLabel":"Broadband geographies","entityId":"fixed-broadband-tract-median","entityCode":"tract-median","entityLabel":"Median census tract","metricId":"fixed-broadband-hhi","metricLabel":"Residential fixed broadband Tract median","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"Dec 2023","priorYear":2023,"priorValue":5859,"latestPeriod":"Dec 2024","latestYear":2024,"latestValue":5504,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":-355,"deltaPercent":-6.1,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Median census tract moved from HHI 5,859 in Dec 2023 to 5,504 in Dec 2024 (-355 HHI points).","interpretation":"The December 2024 tract median is lower than its December 2023 anchor. This geographic summary does not define a legal broadband market or identify why provider shares changed.","comparisonNote":"December 2024 versus December 2023 in the same FCC geographic summary. The intervening June release remains visible in the broadband atlas and is not used as the annual comparison anchor.","evidenceCount":9,"evidenceLabel":"9 FCC semiannual observations / Dec 2020-Dec 2024","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["fcc-internet-access-dec-2024"],"publishers":["Federal Communications Commission"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-21","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=fixed-broadband-hhi%3Atract-median#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Afixed-broadband-hhi%3Atract-median&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/fixed-broadband-hhi--tract-median","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=fixed-broadband-hhi%3Atract-median#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":"/notebooks?recipe=fixed-broadband-concentration","briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=fixed-broadband-hhi%3Atract-median&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/geographies/broadband?scope=tract-median","explorerHref":"/geographies/broadband?scope=tract-median&period=2024-12#fixed-broadband-atlas","signalGuardrail":"The FCC series reports HHI for residential fixed connections of at least 100 Mbps downstream and 20 Mbps upstream. The national value and medians across states, counties, and census tracts describe different geographic summaries; they are not interchangeable legal market definitions, and a median does not describe the full distribution within or across areas.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"fixed-broadband-hhi:county-median","ordinal":8,"question":"Which areas and provider-share changes account for movement in the county median, and how wide is the distribution hidden by the median?","methodId":"geographic-structure","methodLabel":"Geographic structure","methodDetail":"Reconcile national and nested geographic concentration summaries with area-level distributions, provider or ownership paths, measurement boundaries, and local-market evidence.","evidenceRequests":["Area-level provider connection shares behind the national or median geographic HHI path.","Full state, county, or tract HHI distributions so movement in the median is not mistaken for a uniform shift.","Technology, speed-tier, entry, exit, acquisition, and subscriber-mix records for both annual anchors.","Local product, geographic, pricing, quality, switching, and availability evidence before treating a reporting area as an antitrust market."],"domain":"geographies","domainLabel":"Broadband geographies","entityId":"fixed-broadband-county-median","entityCode":"county-median","entityLabel":"Median county","metricId":"fixed-broadband-hhi","metricLabel":"Residential fixed broadband County median","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"Dec 2023","priorYear":2023,"priorValue":5356,"latestPeriod":"Dec 2024","latestYear":2024,"latestValue":4599,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":-757,"deltaPercent":-14.1,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Median county moved from HHI 5,356 in Dec 2023 to 4,599 in Dec 2024 (-757 HHI points).","interpretation":"The December 2024 county median is lower than its December 2023 anchor. This geographic summary does not define a legal broadband market or identify why provider shares changed.","comparisonNote":"December 2024 versus December 2023 in the same FCC geographic summary. The intervening June release remains visible in the broadband atlas and is not used as the annual comparison anchor.","evidenceCount":9,"evidenceLabel":"9 FCC semiannual observations / Dec 2020-Dec 2024","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["fcc-internet-access-dec-2024"],"publishers":["Federal Communications Commission"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-21","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=fixed-broadband-hhi%3Acounty-median#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Afixed-broadband-hhi%3Acounty-median&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/fixed-broadband-hhi--county-median","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=fixed-broadband-hhi%3Acounty-median#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":"/notebooks?recipe=fixed-broadband-concentration","briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=fixed-broadband-hhi%3Acounty-median&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/geographies/broadband?scope=county-median","explorerHref":"/geographies/broadband?scope=county-median&period=2024-12#fixed-broadband-atlas","signalGuardrail":"The FCC series reports HHI for residential fixed connections of at least 100 Mbps downstream and 20 Mbps upstream. The national value and medians across states, counties, and census tracts describe different geographic summaries; they are not interchangeable legal market definitions, and a median does not describe the full distribution within or across areas.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"fixed-broadband-hhi:state-median","ordinal":9,"question":"Which areas and provider-share changes account for movement in the state median, and how wide is the distribution hidden by the median?","methodId":"geographic-structure","methodLabel":"Geographic structure","methodDetail":"Reconcile national and nested geographic concentration summaries with area-level distributions, provider or ownership paths, measurement boundaries, and local-market evidence.","evidenceRequests":["Area-level provider connection shares behind the national or median geographic HHI path.","Full state, county, or tract HHI distributions so movement in the median is not mistaken for a uniform shift.","Technology, speed-tier, entry, exit, acquisition, and subscriber-mix records for both annual anchors.","Local product, geographic, pricing, quality, switching, and availability evidence before treating a reporting area as an antitrust market."],"domain":"geographies","domainLabel":"Broadband geographies","entityId":"fixed-broadband-state-median","entityCode":"state-median","entityLabel":"Median state","metricId":"fixed-broadband-hhi","metricLabel":"Residential fixed broadband State median","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"Dec 2023","priorYear":2023,"priorValue":2994,"latestPeriod":"Dec 2024","latestYear":2024,"latestValue":2937,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":-57,"deltaPercent":-1.9,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Median state moved from HHI 2,994 in Dec 2023 to 2,937 in Dec 2024 (-57 HHI points).","interpretation":"The December 2024 state median is lower than its December 2023 anchor. This geographic summary does not define a legal broadband market or identify why provider shares changed.","comparisonNote":"December 2024 versus December 2023 in the same FCC geographic summary. The intervening June release remains visible in the broadband atlas and is not used as the annual comparison anchor.","evidenceCount":9,"evidenceLabel":"9 FCC semiannual observations / Dec 2020-Dec 2024","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["fcc-internet-access-dec-2024"],"publishers":["Federal Communications Commission"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-21","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=fixed-broadband-hhi%3Astate-median#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Afixed-broadband-hhi%3Astate-median&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/fixed-broadband-hhi--state-median","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=fixed-broadband-hhi%3Astate-median#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":"/notebooks?recipe=fixed-broadband-concentration","briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=fixed-broadband-hhi%3Astate-median&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/geographies/broadband?scope=state-median","explorerHref":"/geographies/broadband?scope=state-median&period=2024-12#fixed-broadband-atlas","signalGuardrail":"The FCC series reports HHI for residential fixed connections of at least 100 Mbps downstream and 20 Mbps upstream. The national value and medians across states, counties, and census tracts describe different geographic summaries; they are not interchangeable legal market definitions, and a median does not describe the full distribution within or across areas.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"state-bank-median-hhi","ordinal":10,"question":"Which state-specific paths, ownership-reporting changes, branch-booking patterns, entry, exit, or consolidation events account for movement beneath the cross-sectional median?","methodId":"geographic-structure","methodLabel":"Geographic structure","methodDetail":"Reconcile national and nested geographic concentration summaries with area-level distributions, provider or ownership paths, measurement boundaries, and local-market evidence.","evidenceRequests":["Annual state and national branch-deposit rows using the same ownership-grouping and June 30 vintage rules.","State-level organization, branch, leading-share, and nominal-deposit paths beneath the aggregate movement.","Ownership-reporting, branch-booking, entry, exit, acquisition, divestiture, and charter records for large state changes.","Local product and geographic evidence before treating any statewide or county screen as an antitrust market."],"domain":"geographies","domainLabel":"Geographic systems","entityId":"state-banking-screen","entityCode":"state-banking-screen","entityLabel":"Statewide branch-deposit screens","metricId":"state-bank-median-hhi","metricLabel":"Median statewide bank-deposit HHI","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2015","priorYear":2015,"priorValue":958,"latestPeriod":"2025","latestYear":2025,"latestValue":903,"yearsBetween":10,"delta":-55,"deltaPercent":-5.7,"direction":"decreased","observation":"The annual 51-jurisdiction median branch-deposit HHI moved from 958 in 2015 to 903 in 2025 (-55.0 HHI points).","interpretation":"The later branch-deposit screen is lower than the 2015 anchor. This descriptive movement does not define a legal banking market, identify a cause, or measure every banking product.","comparisonNote":"Difference between independently observed 2015 and 2025 cross-sectional medians across the same 51-jurisdiction statewide screen; intermediate years remain available but are not interpolated.","evidenceCount":561,"evidenceLabel":"561 state-year rows / 11 annual 51-jurisdiction cross-sections","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"estimated_public","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["fdic-sod-2025"],"publishers":["Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-19","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=state-bank-median-hhi#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Astate-bank-median-hhi&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/state-bank-median-hhi","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=state-bank-median-hhi#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":"/notebooks?recipe=state-banking-history","briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=state-bank-median-hhi&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/geographies#state-competition-systems","explorerHref":"/geographies?bankYear=2025&bankMetric=hhi#state-banking-history","signalGuardrail":"Annual statewide and national rows are independent June 30 branch-deposit screens, not interpolated observations or legal market definitions. Reported ownership structures, branch booking, and jurisdiction coverage can change between vintages; deposit values are nominal and should not be read as inflation-adjusted growth.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"fixed-broadband-hhi:nation","ordinal":11,"question":"What provider-share, technology, speed-tier, entry, and geographic composition changes explain the rise in national HHI while median subnational HHIs declined?","methodId":"geographic-structure","methodLabel":"Geographic structure","methodDetail":"Reconcile national and nested geographic concentration summaries with area-level distributions, provider or ownership paths, measurement boundaries, and local-market evidence.","evidenceRequests":["Area-level provider connection shares behind the national or median geographic HHI path.","Full state, county, or tract HHI distributions so movement in the median is not mistaken for a uniform shift.","Technology, speed-tier, entry, exit, acquisition, and subscriber-mix records for both annual anchors.","Local product, geographic, pricing, quality, switching, and availability evidence before treating a reporting area as an antitrust market."],"domain":"geographies","domainLabel":"Broadband geographies","entityId":"fixed-broadband-nation","entityCode":"nation","entityLabel":"U.S. fixed broadband connections","metricId":"fixed-broadband-hhi","metricLabel":"Residential fixed broadband National HHI","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"Dec 2023","priorYear":2023,"priorValue":1195,"latestPeriod":"Dec 2024","latestYear":2024,"latestValue":1501,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":306,"deltaPercent":25.6,"direction":"increased","observation":"United States moved from HHI 1,195 in Dec 2023 to 1,501 in Dec 2024 (+306 HHI points).","interpretation":"The December 2024 national hhi is higher than its December 2023 anchor. This geographic summary does not define a legal broadband market or identify why provider shares changed.","comparisonNote":"December 2024 versus December 2023 in the same FCC geographic summary. The intervening June release remains visible in the broadband atlas and is not used as the annual comparison anchor.","evidenceCount":9,"evidenceLabel":"9 FCC semiannual observations / Dec 2020-Dec 2024","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["fcc-internet-access-dec-2024"],"publishers":["Federal Communications Commission"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-21","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=fixed-broadband-hhi%3Anation#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Afixed-broadband-hhi%3Anation&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/fixed-broadband-hhi--nation","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=fixed-broadband-hhi%3Anation#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":"/notebooks?recipe=fixed-broadband-concentration","briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=fixed-broadband-hhi%3Anation&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/geographies/broadband?scope=nation","explorerHref":"/geographies/broadband?scope=nation&period=2024-12#fixed-broadband-atlas","signalGuardrail":"The FCC series reports HHI for residential fixed connections of at least 100 Mbps downstream and 20 Mbps upstream. The national value and medians across states, counties, and census tracts describe different geographic summaries; they are not interchangeable legal market definitions, and a median does not describe the full distribution within or across areas.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"national-bank-deposit-hhi","ordinal":12,"question":"How can the nearly stable national aggregate be reconciled with state-level movement, organization turnover, branch change, and nominal deposit growth?","methodId":"geographic-structure","methodLabel":"Geographic structure","methodDetail":"Reconcile national and nested geographic concentration summaries with area-level distributions, provider or ownership paths, measurement boundaries, and local-market evidence.","evidenceRequests":["Annual state and national branch-deposit rows using the same ownership-grouping and June 30 vintage rules.","State-level organization, branch, leading-share, and nominal-deposit paths beneath the aggregate movement.","Ownership-reporting, branch-booking, entry, exit, acquisition, divestiture, and charter records for large state changes.","Local product and geographic evidence before treating any statewide or county screen as an antitrust market."],"domain":"geographies","domainLabel":"Geographic systems","entityId":"us-bank-branch-deposits","entityCode":"us-bank-branch-deposits","entityLabel":"United States branch-deposit screen","metricId":"national-bank-deposit-hhi","metricLabel":"National bank-deposit HHI","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2015","priorYear":2015,"priorValue":410,"latestPeriod":"2025","latestYear":2025,"latestValue":401,"yearsBetween":10,"delta":-9,"deltaPercent":-2.2,"direction":"decreased","observation":"The national branch-deposit HHI moved from 410 in 2015 to 401 in 2025 (-9.0 HHI points).","interpretation":"The later branch-deposit screen is lower than the 2015 anchor. This descriptive movement does not define a legal banking market, identify a cause, or measure every banking product.","comparisonNote":"Difference between the independently observed 2015 and 2025 national Summary of Deposits aggregates; annual state cross-sections remain a separate geographic universe.","evidenceCount":11,"evidenceLabel":"11 national annual rows / 2015-2025","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"estimated_public","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["fdic-sod-2025"],"publishers":["Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-19","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=national-bank-deposit-hhi#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Anational-bank-deposit-hhi&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/national-bank-deposit-hhi","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=national-bank-deposit-hhi#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":"/notebooks?recipe=state-banking-history","briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=national-bank-deposit-hhi&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/geographies#state-competition-systems","explorerHref":"/geographies?bankYear=2025&bankMetric=hhi#state-banking-history","signalGuardrail":"Annual statewide and national rows are independent June 30 branch-deposit screens, not interpolated observations or legal market definitions. Reported ownership structures, branch booking, and jurisdiction coverage can change between vintages; deposit values are nominal and should not be read as inflation-adjusted growth.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"industry-median-hhi:72","ordinal":13,"question":"Which six-digit industries drive the sector shift, and where do product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, or enforcement records justify deeper market-level research?","methodId":"industry-disaggregation","methodLabel":"Industry disaggregation","methodDetail":"Trace a sector median back to strict six-digit Census rows before proposing a product or geographic market study.","evidenceRequests":["Strict-match six-digit rows contributing to the 2017 and 2022 sector medians.","Classification, disclosure, and publication-status checks for rows outside the paired universe.","Revenue, employment, firm-count, and establishment context for the largest row movements.","Product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, and enforcement records for candidate market studies."],"domain":"industries","domainLabel":"Census industries","entityId":"naics-sector-72","entityCode":"72","entityLabel":"Accommodation and food services","metricId":"industry-median-hhi","metricLabel":"Median detailed-industry HHI","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2017","priorYear":2017,"priorValue":14.9,"latestPeriod":"2022","latestYear":2022,"latestValue":14.3,"yearsBetween":5,"delta":-0.6,"deltaPercent":-4,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Accommodation and food services moved from a paired-universe median HHI of 14.9 in 2017 to 14.3 in 2022 (-0.6 HHI points).","interpretation":"The 2022 median is lower than the 2017 median across the same published strict-match screen. Sector medians are orientation statistics, not sector HHI values or legal market findings.","comparisonNote":"Difference between the 2017 and 2022 medians for the same strict six-digit matched universe; this is not the median of row-level changes.","evidenceCount":10,"evidenceLabel":"10/15 strict six-digit pairs / 66.7% coverage","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":2,"sourceIds":["census-ecnsize-concentration-2017","census-ecnsize-concentration-2022"],"publishers":["U.S. Census Bureau"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-18","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=industry-median-hhi%3A72#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Aindustry-median-hhi%3A72&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/industry-median-hhi--72","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=industry-median-hhi%3A72#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=industry-median-hhi%3A72&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/industries/72","explorerHref":"/trends/industries?sector=72#industry-history-workbench","signalGuardrail":"Sector rows summarize strict six-digit NAICS matches. Their medians are not sector HHI values, legal antitrust markets, liability findings, or causal estimates. Vintage medians and the median of row-level changes are distinct distribution statistics and need not reconcile. Publication coverage varies by metric, and revenue changes are nominal.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"industry-median-hhi:56","ordinal":14,"question":"Which six-digit industries drive the sector shift, and where do product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, or enforcement records justify deeper market-level research?","methodId":"industry-disaggregation","methodLabel":"Industry disaggregation","methodDetail":"Trace a sector median back to strict six-digit Census rows before proposing a product or geographic market study.","evidenceRequests":["Strict-match six-digit rows contributing to the 2017 and 2022 sector medians.","Classification, disclosure, and publication-status checks for rows outside the paired universe.","Revenue, employment, firm-count, and establishment context for the largest row movements.","Product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, and enforcement records for candidate market studies."],"domain":"industries","domainLabel":"Census industries","entityId":"naics-sector-56","entityCode":"56","entityLabel":"Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services","metricId":"industry-median-hhi","metricLabel":"Median detailed-industry HHI","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2017","priorYear":2017,"priorValue":140.4,"latestPeriod":"2022","latestYear":2022,"latestValue":168.8,"yearsBetween":5,"delta":28.4,"deltaPercent":20.2,"direction":"increased","observation":"Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services moved from a paired-universe median HHI of 140.4 in 2017 to 168.8 in 2022 (+28.4 HHI points).","interpretation":"The 2022 median is higher than the 2017 median across the same published strict-match screen. Sector medians are orientation statistics, not sector HHI values or legal market findings.","comparisonNote":"Difference between the 2017 and 2022 medians for the same strict six-digit matched universe; this is not the median of row-level changes.","evidenceCount":26,"evidenceLabel":"26/43 strict six-digit pairs / 60.5% coverage","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":2,"sourceIds":["census-ecnsize-concentration-2017","census-ecnsize-concentration-2022"],"publishers":["U.S. Census Bureau"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-18","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=industry-median-hhi%3A56#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Aindustry-median-hhi%3A56&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/industry-median-hhi--56","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=industry-median-hhi%3A56#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=industry-median-hhi%3A56&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/industries/56","explorerHref":"/trends/industries?sector=56#industry-history-workbench","signalGuardrail":"Sector rows summarize strict six-digit NAICS matches. Their medians are not sector HHI values, legal antitrust markets, liability findings, or causal estimates. Vintage medians and the median of row-level changes are distinct distribution statistics and need not reconcile. Publication coverage varies by metric, and revenue changes are nominal.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"industry-median-hhi:71","ordinal":15,"question":"Which six-digit industries drive the sector shift, and where do product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, or enforcement records justify deeper market-level research?","methodId":"industry-disaggregation","methodLabel":"Industry disaggregation","methodDetail":"Trace a sector median back to strict six-digit Census rows before proposing a product or geographic market study.","evidenceRequests":["Strict-match six-digit rows contributing to the 2017 and 2022 sector medians.","Classification, disclosure, and publication-status checks for rows outside the paired universe.","Revenue, employment, firm-count, and establishment context for the largest row movements.","Product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, and enforcement records for candidate market studies."],"domain":"industries","domainLabel":"Census industries","entityId":"naics-sector-71","entityCode":"71","entityLabel":"Arts, entertainment, and recreation","metricId":"industry-median-hhi","metricLabel":"Median detailed-industry HHI","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2017","priorYear":2017,"priorValue":132.2,"latestPeriod":"2022","latestYear":2022,"latestValue":113.7,"yearsBetween":5,"delta":-18.5,"deltaPercent":-14,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Arts, entertainment, and recreation moved from a paired-universe median HHI of 132.2 in 2017 to 113.7 in 2022 (-18.5 HHI points).","interpretation":"The 2022 median is lower than the 2017 median across the same published strict-match screen. Sector medians are orientation statistics, not sector HHI values or legal market findings.","comparisonNote":"Difference between the 2017 and 2022 medians for the same strict six-digit matched universe; this is not the median of row-level changes.","evidenceCount":14,"evidenceLabel":"14/25 strict six-digit pairs / 56.0% coverage","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":2,"sourceIds":["census-ecnsize-concentration-2017","census-ecnsize-concentration-2022"],"publishers":["U.S. Census Bureau"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-18","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=industry-median-hhi%3A71#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Aindustry-median-hhi%3A71&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/industry-median-hhi--71","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=industry-median-hhi%3A71#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=industry-median-hhi%3A71&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/industries/71","explorerHref":"/trends/industries?sector=71#industry-history-workbench","signalGuardrail":"Sector rows summarize strict six-digit NAICS matches. Their medians are not sector HHI values, legal antitrust markets, liability findings, or causal estimates. Vintage medians and the median of row-level changes are distinct distribution statistics and need not reconcile. Publication coverage varies by metric, and revenue changes are nominal.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"industry-median-hhi:23","ordinal":16,"question":"Which six-digit industries drive the sector shift, and where do product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, or enforcement records justify deeper market-level research?","methodId":"industry-disaggregation","methodLabel":"Industry disaggregation","methodDetail":"Trace a sector median back to strict six-digit Census rows before proposing a product or geographic market study.","evidenceRequests":["Strict-match six-digit rows contributing to the 2017 and 2022 sector medians.","Classification, disclosure, and publication-status checks for rows outside the paired universe.","Revenue, employment, firm-count, and establishment context for the largest row movements.","Product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, and enforcement records for candidate market studies."],"domain":"industries","domainLabel":"Census industries","entityId":"naics-sector-23","entityCode":"23","entityLabel":"Construction","metricId":"industry-median-hhi","metricLabel":"Median detailed-industry HHI","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2017","priorYear":2017,"priorValue":13.3,"latestPeriod":"2022","latestYear":2022,"latestValue":19.4,"yearsBetween":5,"delta":6.1,"deltaPercent":45.9,"direction":"increased","observation":"Construction moved from a paired-universe median HHI of 13.3 in 2017 to 19.4 in 2022 (+6.1 HHI points).","interpretation":"The 2022 median is higher than the 2017 median across the same published strict-match screen. Sector medians are orientation statistics, not sector HHI values or legal market findings.","comparisonNote":"Difference between the 2017 and 2022 medians for the same strict six-digit matched universe; this is not the median of row-level changes.","evidenceCount":24,"evidenceLabel":"24/31 strict six-digit pairs / 77.4% coverage","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":2,"sourceIds":["census-ecnsize-concentration-2017","census-ecnsize-concentration-2022"],"publishers":["U.S. Census Bureau"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-18","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=industry-median-hhi%3A23#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Aindustry-median-hhi%3A23&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/industry-median-hhi--23","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=industry-median-hhi%3A23#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=industry-median-hhi%3A23&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/industries/23","explorerHref":"/trends/industries?sector=23#industry-history-workbench","signalGuardrail":"Sector rows summarize strict six-digit NAICS matches. Their medians are not sector HHI values, legal antitrust markets, liability findings, or causal estimates. Vintage medians and the median of row-level changes are distinct distribution statistics and need not reconcile. Publication coverage varies by metric, and revenue changes are nominal.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"industry-median-hhi:61","ordinal":17,"question":"Which six-digit industries drive the sector shift, and where do product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, or enforcement records justify deeper market-level research?","methodId":"industry-disaggregation","methodLabel":"Industry disaggregation","methodDetail":"Trace a sector median back to strict six-digit Census rows before proposing a product or geographic market study.","evidenceRequests":["Strict-match six-digit rows contributing to the 2017 and 2022 sector medians.","Classification, disclosure, and publication-status checks for rows outside the paired universe.","Revenue, employment, firm-count, and establishment context for the largest row movements.","Product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, and enforcement records for candidate market studies."],"domain":"industries","domainLabel":"Census industries","entityId":"naics-sector-61","entityCode":"61","entityLabel":"Educational services","metricId":"industry-median-hhi","metricLabel":"Median detailed-industry HHI","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2017","priorYear":2017,"priorValue":76.7,"latestPeriod":"2022","latestYear":2022,"latestValue":94.5,"yearsBetween":5,"delta":17.8,"deltaPercent":23.2,"direction":"increased","observation":"Educational services moved from a paired-universe median HHI of 76.7 in 2017 to 94.5 in 2022 (+17.8 HHI points).","interpretation":"The 2022 median is higher than the 2017 median across the same published strict-match screen. Sector medians are orientation statistics, not sector HHI values or legal market findings.","comparisonNote":"Difference between the 2017 and 2022 medians for the same strict six-digit matched universe; this is not the median of row-level changes.","evidenceCount":10,"evidenceLabel":"10/14 strict six-digit pairs / 71.4% coverage","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":2,"sourceIds":["census-ecnsize-concentration-2017","census-ecnsize-concentration-2022"],"publishers":["U.S. Census Bureau"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-18","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=industry-median-hhi%3A61#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Aindustry-median-hhi%3A61&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/industry-median-hhi--61","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=industry-median-hhi%3A61#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=industry-median-hhi%3A61&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/industries/61","explorerHref":"/trends/industries?sector=61#industry-history-workbench","signalGuardrail":"Sector rows summarize strict six-digit NAICS matches. Their medians are not sector HHI values, legal antitrust markets, liability findings, or causal estimates. Vintage medians and the median of row-level changes are distinct distribution statistics and need not reconcile. Publication coverage varies by metric, and revenue changes are nominal.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"industry-median-hhi:52","ordinal":18,"question":"Which six-digit industries drive the sector shift, and where do product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, or enforcement records justify deeper market-level research?","methodId":"industry-disaggregation","methodLabel":"Industry disaggregation","methodDetail":"Trace a sector median back to strict six-digit Census rows before proposing a product or geographic market study.","evidenceRequests":["Strict-match six-digit rows contributing to the 2017 and 2022 sector medians.","Classification, disclosure, and publication-status checks for rows outside the paired universe.","Revenue, employment, firm-count, and establishment context for the largest row movements.","Product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, and enforcement records for candidate market studies."],"domain":"industries","domainLabel":"Census industries","entityId":"naics-sector-52","entityCode":"52","entityLabel":"Finance and insurance","metricId":"industry-median-hhi","metricLabel":"Median detailed-industry HHI","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2017","priorYear":2017,"priorValue":471.5,"latestPeriod":"2022","latestYear":2022,"latestValue":492.9,"yearsBetween":5,"delta":21.4,"deltaPercent":4.5,"direction":"increased","observation":"Finance and insurance moved from a paired-universe median HHI of 471.5 in 2017 to 492.9 in 2022 (+21.4 HHI points).","interpretation":"The 2022 median is higher than the 2017 median across the same published strict-match screen. Sector medians are orientation statistics, not sector HHI values or legal market findings.","comparisonNote":"Difference between the 2017 and 2022 medians for the same strict six-digit matched universe; this is not the median of row-level changes.","evidenceCount":21,"evidenceLabel":"21/23 strict six-digit pairs / 91.3% coverage","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":2,"sourceIds":["census-ecnsize-concentration-2017","census-ecnsize-concentration-2022"],"publishers":["U.S. Census Bureau"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-18","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=industry-median-hhi%3A52#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Aindustry-median-hhi%3A52&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/industry-median-hhi--52","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=industry-median-hhi%3A52#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=industry-median-hhi%3A52&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/industries/52","explorerHref":"/trends/industries?sector=52#industry-history-workbench","signalGuardrail":"Sector rows summarize strict six-digit NAICS matches. Their medians are not sector HHI values, legal antitrust markets, liability findings, or causal estimates. Vintage medians and the median of row-level changes are distinct distribution statistics and need not reconcile. Publication coverage varies by metric, and revenue changes are nominal.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"industry-median-hhi:62","ordinal":19,"question":"Which six-digit industries drive the sector shift, and where do product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, or enforcement records justify deeper market-level research?","methodId":"industry-disaggregation","methodLabel":"Industry disaggregation","methodDetail":"Trace a sector median back to strict six-digit Census rows before proposing a product or geographic market study.","evidenceRequests":["Strict-match six-digit rows contributing to the 2017 and 2022 sector medians.","Classification, disclosure, and publication-status checks for rows outside the paired universe.","Revenue, employment, firm-count, and establishment context for the largest row movements.","Product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, and enforcement records for candidate market studies."],"domain":"industries","domainLabel":"Census industries","entityId":"naics-sector-62","entityCode":"62","entityLabel":"Health care and social assistance","metricId":"industry-median-hhi","metricLabel":"Median detailed-industry HHI","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2017","priorYear":2017,"priorValue":35.8,"latestPeriod":"2022","latestYear":2022,"latestValue":35.8,"yearsBetween":5,"delta":0,"deltaPercent":0,"direction":"unchanged","observation":"Health care and social assistance moved from a paired-universe median HHI of 35.8 in 2017 to 35.8 in 2022 (0.0 HHI points).","interpretation":"The 2022 median is unchanged than the 2017 median across the same published strict-match screen. Sector medians are orientation statistics, not sector HHI values or legal market findings.","comparisonNote":"Difference between the 2017 and 2022 medians for the same strict six-digit matched universe; this is not the median of row-level changes.","evidenceCount":26,"evidenceLabel":"26/38 strict six-digit pairs / 68.4% coverage","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":2,"sourceIds":["census-ecnsize-concentration-2017","census-ecnsize-concentration-2022"],"publishers":["U.S. Census Bureau"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-18","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=industry-median-hhi%3A62#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Aindustry-median-hhi%3A62&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/industry-median-hhi--62","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=industry-median-hhi%3A62#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=industry-median-hhi%3A62&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/industries/62","explorerHref":"/trends/industries?sector=62#industry-history-workbench","signalGuardrail":"Sector rows summarize strict six-digit NAICS matches. Their medians are not sector HHI values, legal antitrust markets, liability findings, or causal estimates. Vintage medians and the median of row-level changes are distinct distribution statistics and need not reconcile. Publication coverage varies by metric, and revenue changes are nominal.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"industry-median-hhi:51","ordinal":20,"question":"Which six-digit industries drive the sector shift, and where do product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, or enforcement records justify deeper market-level research?","methodId":"industry-disaggregation","methodLabel":"Industry disaggregation","methodDetail":"Trace a sector median back to strict six-digit Census rows before proposing a product or geographic market study.","evidenceRequests":["Strict-match six-digit rows contributing to the 2017 and 2022 sector medians.","Classification, disclosure, and publication-status checks for rows outside the paired universe.","Revenue, employment, firm-count, and establishment context for the largest row movements.","Product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, and enforcement records for candidate market studies."],"domain":"industries","domainLabel":"Census industries","entityId":"naics-sector-51","entityCode":"51","entityLabel":"Information","metricId":"industry-median-hhi","metricLabel":"Median detailed-industry HHI","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2017","priorYear":2017,"priorValue":568.5,"latestPeriod":"2022","latestYear":2022,"latestValue":741.4,"yearsBetween":5,"delta":172.9,"deltaPercent":30.4,"direction":"increased","observation":"Information moved from a paired-universe median HHI of 568.5 in 2017 to 741.4 in 2022 (+172.9 HHI points).","interpretation":"The 2022 median is higher than the 2017 median across the same published strict-match screen. Sector medians are orientation statistics, not sector HHI values or legal market findings.","comparisonNote":"Difference between the 2017 and 2022 medians for the same strict six-digit matched universe; this is not the median of row-level changes.","evidenceCount":6,"evidenceLabel":"6/11 strict six-digit pairs / 54.5% coverage","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":2,"sourceIds":["census-ecnsize-concentration-2017","census-ecnsize-concentration-2022"],"publishers":["U.S. Census Bureau"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-18","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=industry-median-hhi%3A51#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Aindustry-median-hhi%3A51&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/industry-median-hhi--51","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=industry-median-hhi%3A51#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=industry-median-hhi%3A51&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/industries/51","explorerHref":"/trends/industries?sector=51#industry-history-workbench","signalGuardrail":"Sector rows summarize strict six-digit NAICS matches. Their medians are not sector HHI values, legal antitrust markets, liability findings, or causal estimates. Vintage medians and the median of row-level changes are distinct distribution statistics and need not reconcile. Publication coverage varies by metric, and revenue changes are nominal.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"industry-median-hhi:31","ordinal":21,"question":"Which six-digit industries drive the sector shift, and where do product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, or enforcement records justify deeper market-level research?","methodId":"industry-disaggregation","methodLabel":"Industry disaggregation","methodDetail":"Trace a sector median back to strict six-digit Census rows before proposing a product or geographic market study.","evidenceRequests":["Strict-match six-digit rows contributing to the 2017 and 2022 sector medians.","Classification, disclosure, and publication-status checks for rows outside the paired universe.","Revenue, employment, firm-count, and establishment context for the largest row movements.","Product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, and enforcement records for candidate market studies."],"domain":"industries","domainLabel":"Census industries","entityId":"naics-sector-31","entityCode":"31","entityLabel":"Manufacturing","metricId":"industry-median-hhi","metricLabel":"Median detailed-industry HHI","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2017","priorYear":2017,"priorValue":415,"latestPeriod":"2022","latestYear":2022,"latestValue":435.6,"yearsBetween":5,"delta":20.6,"deltaPercent":5,"direction":"increased","observation":"Manufacturing moved from a paired-universe median HHI of 415 in 2017 to 435.6 in 2022 (+20.6 HHI points).","interpretation":"The 2022 median is higher than the 2017 median across the same published strict-match screen. Sector medians are orientation statistics, not sector HHI values or legal market findings.","comparisonNote":"Difference between the 2017 and 2022 medians for the same strict six-digit matched universe; this is not the median of row-level changes.","evidenceCount":238,"evidenceLabel":"238/327 strict six-digit pairs / 72.8% coverage","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":2,"sourceIds":["census-ecnsize-concentration-2017","census-ecnsize-concentration-2022"],"publishers":["U.S. Census Bureau"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-18","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=industry-median-hhi%3A31#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Aindustry-median-hhi%3A31&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/industry-median-hhi--31","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=industry-median-hhi%3A31#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=industry-median-hhi%3A31&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/industries/31-33","explorerHref":"/trends/industries?sector=31#industry-history-workbench","signalGuardrail":"Sector rows summarize strict six-digit NAICS matches. Their medians are not sector HHI values, legal antitrust markets, liability findings, or causal estimates. Vintage medians and the median of row-level changes are distinct distribution statistics and need not reconcile. Publication coverage varies by metric, and revenue changes are nominal.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"industry-median-hhi:21","ordinal":22,"question":"Which six-digit industries drive the sector shift, and where do product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, or enforcement records justify deeper market-level research?","methodId":"industry-disaggregation","methodLabel":"Industry disaggregation","methodDetail":"Trace a sector median back to strict six-digit Census rows before proposing a product or geographic market study.","evidenceRequests":["Strict-match six-digit rows contributing to the 2017 and 2022 sector medians.","Classification, disclosure, and publication-status checks for rows outside the paired universe.","Revenue, employment, firm-count, and establishment context for the largest row movements.","Product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, and enforcement records for candidate market studies."],"domain":"industries","domainLabel":"Census industries","entityId":"naics-sector-21","entityCode":"21","entityLabel":"Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction","metricId":"industry-median-hhi","metricLabel":"Median detailed-industry HHI","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2017","priorYear":2017,"priorValue":349.5,"latestPeriod":"2022","latestYear":2022,"latestValue":390.8,"yearsBetween":5,"delta":41.3,"deltaPercent":11.8,"direction":"increased","observation":"Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction moved from a paired-universe median HHI of 349.5 in 2017 to 390.8 in 2022 (+41.3 HHI points).","interpretation":"The 2022 median is higher than the 2017 median across the same published strict-match screen. Sector medians are orientation statistics, not sector HHI values or legal market findings.","comparisonNote":"Difference between the 2017 and 2022 medians for the same strict six-digit matched universe; this is not the median of row-level changes.","evidenceCount":11,"evidenceLabel":"11/15 strict six-digit pairs / 73.3% coverage","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":2,"sourceIds":["census-ecnsize-concentration-2017","census-ecnsize-concentration-2022"],"publishers":["U.S. Census Bureau"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-18","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=industry-median-hhi%3A21#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Aindustry-median-hhi%3A21&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/industry-median-hhi--21","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=industry-median-hhi%3A21#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=industry-median-hhi%3A21&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/industries/21","explorerHref":"/trends/industries?sector=21#industry-history-workbench","signalGuardrail":"Sector rows summarize strict six-digit NAICS matches. Their medians are not sector HHI values, legal antitrust markets, liability findings, or causal estimates. Vintage medians and the median of row-level changes are distinct distribution statistics and need not reconcile. Publication coverage varies by metric, and revenue changes are nominal.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"industry-median-hhi:81","ordinal":23,"question":"Which six-digit industries drive the sector shift, and where do product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, or enforcement records justify deeper market-level research?","methodId":"industry-disaggregation","methodLabel":"Industry disaggregation","methodDetail":"Trace a sector median back to strict six-digit Census rows before proposing a product or geographic market study.","evidenceRequests":["Strict-match six-digit rows contributing to the 2017 and 2022 sector medians.","Classification, disclosure, and publication-status checks for rows outside the paired universe.","Revenue, employment, firm-count, and establishment context for the largest row movements.","Product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, and enforcement records for candidate market studies."],"domain":"industries","domainLabel":"Census industries","entityId":"naics-sector-81","entityCode":"81","entityLabel":"Other services (except public administration)","metricId":"industry-median-hhi","metricLabel":"Median detailed-industry HHI","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2017","priorYear":2017,"priorValue":66.1,"latestPeriod":"2022","latestYear":2022,"latestValue":77.7,"yearsBetween":5,"delta":11.6,"deltaPercent":17.5,"direction":"increased","observation":"Other services (except public administration) moved from a paired-universe median HHI of 66.1 in 2017 to 77.7 in 2022 (+11.6 HHI points).","interpretation":"The 2022 median is higher than the 2017 median across the same published strict-match screen. Sector medians are orientation statistics, not sector HHI values or legal market findings.","comparisonNote":"Difference between the 2017 and 2022 medians for the same strict six-digit matched universe; this is not the median of row-level changes.","evidenceCount":22,"evidenceLabel":"22/38 strict six-digit pairs / 57.9% coverage","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":2,"sourceIds":["census-ecnsize-concentration-2017","census-ecnsize-concentration-2022"],"publishers":["U.S. Census Bureau"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-18","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=industry-median-hhi%3A81#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Aindustry-median-hhi%3A81&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/industry-median-hhi--81","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=industry-median-hhi%3A81#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=industry-median-hhi%3A81&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/industries/81","explorerHref":"/trends/industries?sector=81#industry-history-workbench","signalGuardrail":"Sector rows summarize strict six-digit NAICS matches. Their medians are not sector HHI values, legal antitrust markets, liability findings, or causal estimates. Vintage medians and the median of row-level changes are distinct distribution statistics and need not reconcile. Publication coverage varies by metric, and revenue changes are nominal.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"industry-median-hhi:54","ordinal":24,"question":"Which six-digit industries drive the sector shift, and where do product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, or enforcement records justify deeper market-level research?","methodId":"industry-disaggregation","methodLabel":"Industry disaggregation","methodDetail":"Trace a sector median back to strict six-digit Census rows before proposing a product or geographic market study.","evidenceRequests":["Strict-match six-digit rows contributing to the 2017 and 2022 sector medians.","Classification, disclosure, and publication-status checks for rows outside the paired universe.","Revenue, employment, firm-count, and establishment context for the largest row movements.","Product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, and enforcement records for candidate market studies."],"domain":"industries","domainLabel":"Census industries","entityId":"naics-sector-54","entityCode":"54","entityLabel":"Professional, scientific, and technical services","metricId":"industry-median-hhi","metricLabel":"Median detailed-industry HHI","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2017","priorYear":2017,"priorValue":98.4,"latestPeriod":"2022","latestYear":2022,"latestValue":85.6,"yearsBetween":5,"delta":-12.8,"deltaPercent":-13,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Professional, scientific, and technical services moved from a paired-universe median HHI of 98.4 in 2017 to 85.6 in 2022 (-12.8 HHI points).","interpretation":"The 2022 median is lower than the 2017 median across the same published strict-match screen. Sector medians are orientation statistics, not sector HHI values or legal market findings.","comparisonNote":"Difference between the 2017 and 2022 medians for the same strict six-digit matched universe; this is not the median of row-level changes.","evidenceCount":32,"evidenceLabel":"32/46 strict six-digit pairs / 69.6% coverage","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":2,"sourceIds":["census-ecnsize-concentration-2017","census-ecnsize-concentration-2022"],"publishers":["U.S. Census Bureau"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-18","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=industry-median-hhi%3A54#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Aindustry-median-hhi%3A54&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/industry-median-hhi--54","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=industry-median-hhi%3A54#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=industry-median-hhi%3A54&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/industries/54","explorerHref":"/trends/industries?sector=54#industry-history-workbench","signalGuardrail":"Sector rows summarize strict six-digit NAICS matches. Their medians are not sector HHI values, legal antitrust markets, liability findings, or causal estimates. Vintage medians and the median of row-level changes are distinct distribution statistics and need not reconcile. Publication coverage varies by metric, and revenue changes are nominal.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"industry-median-hhi:53","ordinal":25,"question":"Which six-digit industries drive the sector shift, and where do product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, or enforcement records justify deeper market-level research?","methodId":"industry-disaggregation","methodLabel":"Industry disaggregation","methodDetail":"Trace a sector median back to strict six-digit Census rows before proposing a product or geographic market study.","evidenceRequests":["Strict-match six-digit rows contributing to the 2017 and 2022 sector medians.","Classification, disclosure, and publication-status checks for rows outside the paired universe.","Revenue, employment, firm-count, and establishment context for the largest row movements.","Product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, and enforcement records for candidate market studies."],"domain":"industries","domainLabel":"Census industries","entityId":"naics-sector-53","entityCode":"53","entityLabel":"Real estate and rental and leasing","metricId":"industry-median-hhi","metricLabel":"Median detailed-industry HHI","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2017","priorYear":2017,"priorValue":93.2,"latestPeriod":"2022","latestYear":2022,"latestValue":103.8,"yearsBetween":5,"delta":10.6,"deltaPercent":11.4,"direction":"increased","observation":"Real estate and rental and leasing moved from a paired-universe median HHI of 93.2 in 2017 to 103.8 in 2022 (+10.6 HHI points).","interpretation":"The 2022 median is higher than the 2017 median across the same published strict-match screen. Sector medians are orientation statistics, not sector HHI values or legal market findings.","comparisonNote":"Difference between the 2017 and 2022 medians for the same strict six-digit matched universe; this is not the median of row-level changes.","evidenceCount":16,"evidenceLabel":"16/24 strict six-digit pairs / 66.7% coverage","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":2,"sourceIds":["census-ecnsize-concentration-2017","census-ecnsize-concentration-2022"],"publishers":["U.S. Census Bureau"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-18","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=industry-median-hhi%3A53#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Aindustry-median-hhi%3A53&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/industry-median-hhi--53","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=industry-median-hhi%3A53#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=industry-median-hhi%3A53&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/industries/53","explorerHref":"/trends/industries?sector=53#industry-history-workbench","signalGuardrail":"Sector rows summarize strict six-digit NAICS matches. Their medians are not sector HHI values, legal antitrust markets, liability findings, or causal estimates. Vintage medians and the median of row-level changes are distinct distribution statistics and need not reconcile. Publication coverage varies by metric, and revenue changes are nominal.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"industry-median-hhi:44","ordinal":26,"question":"Which six-digit industries drive the sector shift, and where do product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, or enforcement records justify deeper market-level research?","methodId":"industry-disaggregation","methodLabel":"Industry disaggregation","methodDetail":"Trace a sector median back to strict six-digit Census rows before proposing a product or geographic market study.","evidenceRequests":["Strict-match six-digit rows contributing to the 2017 and 2022 sector medians.","Classification, disclosure, and publication-status checks for rows outside the paired universe.","Revenue, employment, firm-count, and establishment context for the largest row movements.","Product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, and enforcement records for candidate market studies."],"domain":"industries","domainLabel":"Census industries","entityId":"naics-sector-44","entityCode":"44","entityLabel":"Retail trade","metricId":"industry-median-hhi","metricLabel":"Median detailed-industry HHI","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2017","priorYear":2017,"priorValue":14,"latestPeriod":"2022","latestYear":2022,"latestValue":25.4,"yearsBetween":5,"delta":11.4,"deltaPercent":81.4,"direction":"increased","observation":"Retail trade moved from a paired-universe median HHI of 14 in 2017 to 25.4 in 2022 (+11.4 HHI points).","interpretation":"The 2022 median is higher than the 2017 median across the same published strict-match screen. Sector medians are orientation statistics, not sector HHI values or legal market findings.","comparisonNote":"Difference between the 2017 and 2022 medians for the same strict six-digit matched universe; this is not the median of row-level changes.","evidenceCount":1,"evidenceLabel":"1/5 strict six-digit pairs / 20.0% coverage","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":2,"sourceIds":["census-ecnsize-concentration-2017","census-ecnsize-concentration-2022"],"publishers":["U.S. Census Bureau"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-18","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=industry-median-hhi%3A44#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Aindustry-median-hhi%3A44&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/industry-median-hhi--44","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=industry-median-hhi%3A44#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=industry-median-hhi%3A44&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/industries/44-45","explorerHref":"/trends/industries?sector=44#industry-history-workbench","signalGuardrail":"Sector rows summarize strict six-digit NAICS matches. Their medians are not sector HHI values, legal antitrust markets, liability findings, or causal estimates. Vintage medians and the median of row-level changes are distinct distribution statistics and need not reconcile. Publication coverage varies by metric, and revenue changes are nominal.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"industry-median-hhi:48","ordinal":27,"question":"Which six-digit industries drive the sector shift, and where do product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, or enforcement records justify deeper market-level research?","methodId":"industry-disaggregation","methodLabel":"Industry disaggregation","methodDetail":"Trace a sector median back to strict six-digit Census rows before proposing a product or geographic market study.","evidenceRequests":["Strict-match six-digit rows contributing to the 2017 and 2022 sector medians.","Classification, disclosure, and publication-status checks for rows outside the paired universe.","Revenue, employment, firm-count, and establishment context for the largest row movements.","Product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, and enforcement records for candidate market studies."],"domain":"industries","domainLabel":"Census industries","entityId":"naics-sector-48","entityCode":"48","entityLabel":"Transportation and warehousing","metricId":"industry-median-hhi","metricLabel":"Median detailed-industry HHI","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2017","priorYear":2017,"priorValue":259,"latestPeriod":"2022","latestYear":2022,"latestValue":251,"yearsBetween":5,"delta":-8,"deltaPercent":-3.1,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Transportation and warehousing moved from a paired-universe median HHI of 259 in 2017 to 251 in 2022 (-8.0 HHI points).","interpretation":"The 2022 median is lower than the 2017 median across the same published strict-match screen. Sector medians are orientation statistics, not sector HHI values or legal market findings.","comparisonNote":"Difference between the 2017 and 2022 medians for the same strict six-digit matched universe; this is not the median of row-level changes.","evidenceCount":35,"evidenceLabel":"35/53 strict six-digit pairs / 66.0% coverage","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":2,"sourceIds":["census-ecnsize-concentration-2017","census-ecnsize-concentration-2022"],"publishers":["U.S. Census Bureau"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-18","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=industry-median-hhi%3A48#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Aindustry-median-hhi%3A48&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/industry-median-hhi--48","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=industry-median-hhi%3A48#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=industry-median-hhi%3A48&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/industries/48-49","explorerHref":"/trends/industries?sector=48#industry-history-workbench","signalGuardrail":"Sector rows summarize strict six-digit NAICS matches. Their medians are not sector HHI values, legal antitrust markets, liability findings, or causal estimates. Vintage medians and the median of row-level changes are distinct distribution statistics and need not reconcile. Publication coverage varies by metric, and revenue changes are nominal.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"industry-median-hhi:22","ordinal":28,"question":"Which six-digit industries drive the sector shift, and where do product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, or enforcement records justify deeper market-level research?","methodId":"industry-disaggregation","methodLabel":"Industry disaggregation","methodDetail":"Trace a sector median back to strict six-digit Census rows before proposing a product or geographic market study.","evidenceRequests":["Strict-match six-digit rows contributing to the 2017 and 2022 sector medians.","Classification, disclosure, and publication-status checks for rows outside the paired universe.","Revenue, employment, firm-count, and establishment context for the largest row movements.","Product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, and enforcement records for candidate market studies."],"domain":"industries","domainLabel":"Census industries","entityId":"naics-sector-22","entityCode":"22","entityLabel":"Utilities","metricId":"industry-median-hhi","metricLabel":"Median detailed-industry HHI","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2017","priorYear":2017,"priorValue":692.4,"latestPeriod":"2022","latestYear":2022,"latestValue":602,"yearsBetween":5,"delta":-90.4,"deltaPercent":-13.1,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Utilities moved from a paired-universe median HHI of 692.4 in 2017 to 602 in 2022 (-90.4 HHI points).","interpretation":"The 2022 median is lower than the 2017 median across the same published strict-match screen. Sector medians are orientation statistics, not sector HHI values or legal market findings.","comparisonNote":"Difference between the 2017 and 2022 medians for the same strict six-digit matched universe; this is not the median of row-level changes.","evidenceCount":7,"evidenceLabel":"7/14 strict six-digit pairs / 50.0% coverage","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":2,"sourceIds":["census-ecnsize-concentration-2017","census-ecnsize-concentration-2022"],"publishers":["U.S. Census Bureau"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-18","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=industry-median-hhi%3A22#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Aindustry-median-hhi%3A22&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/industry-median-hhi--22","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=industry-median-hhi%3A22#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=industry-median-hhi%3A22&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/industries/22","explorerHref":"/trends/industries?sector=22#industry-history-workbench","signalGuardrail":"Sector rows summarize strict six-digit NAICS matches. Their medians are not sector HHI values, legal antitrust markets, liability findings, or causal estimates. Vintage medians and the median of row-level changes are distinct distribution statistics and need not reconcile. Publication coverage varies by metric, and revenue changes are nominal.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"industry-median-hhi:42","ordinal":29,"question":"Which six-digit industries drive the sector shift, and where do product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, or enforcement records justify deeper market-level research?","methodId":"industry-disaggregation","methodLabel":"Industry disaggregation","methodDetail":"Trace a sector median back to strict six-digit Census rows before proposing a product or geographic market study.","evidenceRequests":["Strict-match six-digit rows contributing to the 2017 and 2022 sector medians.","Classification, disclosure, and publication-status checks for rows outside the paired universe.","Revenue, employment, firm-count, and establishment context for the largest row movements.","Product, geography, entry, conduct, price, quality, and enforcement records for candidate market studies."],"domain":"industries","domainLabel":"Census industries","entityId":"naics-sector-42","entityCode":"42","entityLabel":"Wholesale trade","metricId":"industry-median-hhi","metricLabel":"Median detailed-industry HHI","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2017","priorYear":2017,"priorValue":324.8,"latestPeriod":"2022","latestYear":2022,"latestValue":322,"yearsBetween":5,"delta":-2.8,"deltaPercent":-0.9,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Wholesale trade moved from a paired-universe median HHI of 324.8 in 2017 to 322 in 2022 (-2.8 HHI points).","interpretation":"The 2022 median is lower than the 2017 median across the same published strict-match screen. Sector medians are orientation statistics, not sector HHI values or legal market findings.","comparisonNote":"Difference between the 2017 and 2022 medians for the same strict six-digit matched universe; this is not the median of row-level changes.","evidenceCount":44,"evidenceLabel":"44/67 strict six-digit pairs / 65.7% coverage","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":2,"sourceIds":["census-ecnsize-concentration-2017","census-ecnsize-concentration-2022"],"publishers":["U.S. Census Bureau"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-18","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=industry-median-hhi%3A42#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Aindustry-median-hhi%3A42&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/industry-median-hhi--42","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=industry-median-hhi%3A42#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=industry-median-hhi%3A42&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/industries/42","explorerHref":"/trends/industries?sector=42#industry-history-workbench","signalGuardrail":"Sector rows summarize strict six-digit NAICS matches. Their medians are not sector HHI values, legal antitrust markets, liability findings, or causal estimates. Vintage medians and the median of row-level changes are distinct distribution statistics and need not reconcile. Publication coverage varies by metric, and revenue changes are nominal.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"market-cr4:us-steer-heifer-meatpacking-purchases","ordinal":30,"question":"Which participant-share changes account for the structural movement, and are the denominator and coverage stable across both anchors?","methodId":"share-accounting","methodLabel":"Share accounting","methodDetail":"Reconstruct participant-share movement while checking denominator, coverage, entry, exit, and transaction changes.","evidenceRequests":["Firm- or product-level shares at both anchors using the same denominator.","Share changes attributable to entry, exit, acquisition, divestiture, or organic movement.","Coverage, missing-participant, and residual-category documentation for each anchor.","Source methodology showing whether measurement and participant classification stayed stable."],"domain":"markets","domainLabel":"Defined markets","entityId":"mkt-meatpacking","entityCode":"us-steer-heifer-meatpacking-purchases","entityLabel":"Beef meatpacking","metricId":"market-cr4","metricLabel":"Four-participant concentration ratio","unit":"percentage_points","priorPeriod":"1995","priorYear":1995,"priorValue":81,"latestPeriod":"2019","latestYear":2019,"latestValue":85,"yearsBetween":24,"delta":4,"deltaPercent":4.9,"direction":"increased","observation":"Beef meatpacking moved from 81.0% in 1995 to 85.0% in 2019 (+4.00 percentage points).","interpretation":"The latest encoded CR4 anchor is higher within this documented market series. The change alone does not identify a cause or establish competitive harm.","comparisonNote":"Latest observed anchor versus the immediately preceding observed anchor; intervening years are not estimated.","evidenceCount":3,"evidenceLabel":"3 observed anchors / 1980-2019","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["usda-ers-meatpacking-2024"],"publishers":["U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-19","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=market-cr4%3Aus-steer-heifer-meatpacking-purchases#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Amarket-cr4%3Aus-steer-heifer-meatpacking-purchases&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/market-cr4--us-steer-heifer-meatpacking-purchases","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=market-cr4%3Aus-steer-heifer-meatpacking-purchases#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=market-cr4%3Aus-steer-heifer-meatpacking-purchases&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/markets/us-steer-heifer-meatpacking-purchases","explorerHref":"/trends?markets=us-steer-heifer-meatpacking-purchases&metric=cr4","signalGuardrail":"This is a within-profile comparison governed by the documented usda-reported share of steer and heifer purchases handled by the four largest beef packers boundary. It is not annualized and should not be compared as a common national series with differently defined markets.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"market-cr4:us-browser-usage","ordinal":31,"question":"Which participant-share changes account for the structural movement, and are the denominator and coverage stable across both anchors?","methodId":"share-accounting","methodLabel":"Share accounting","methodDetail":"Reconstruct participant-share movement while checking denominator, coverage, entry, exit, and transaction changes.","evidenceRequests":["Firm- or product-level shares at both anchors using the same denominator.","Share changes attributable to entry, exit, acquisition, divestiture, or organic movement.","Coverage, missing-participant, and residual-category documentation for each anchor.","Source methodology showing whether measurement and participant classification stayed stable."],"domain":"markets","domainLabel":"Defined markets","entityId":"mkt-browser","entityCode":"us-browser-usage","entityLabel":"Browsers","metricId":"market-cr4","metricLabel":"Four-participant concentration ratio","unit":"percentage_points","priorPeriod":"2025","priorYear":2025,"priorValue":93.61,"latestPeriod":"2026","latestYear":2026,"latestValue":93.76,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":0.15,"deltaPercent":0.2,"direction":"increased","observation":"Browsers moved from 93.6% in 2025 to 93.8% in 2026 (+0.15 percentage points).","interpretation":"The latest encoded CR4 anchor is higher within this documented market series. The change alone does not identify a cause or establish competitive harm.","comparisonNote":"Latest observed anchor versus the immediately preceding observed anchor; intervening years are not estimated.","evidenceCount":4,"evidenceLabel":"4 observed anchors / 2023-2026","confidenceLevel":"low","dataStatus":"estimated_public","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["statcounter-browser-us-2026"],"publishers":["StatCounter Global Stats"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-17","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=market-cr4%3Aus-browser-usage#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Amarket-cr4%3Aus-browser-usage&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/market-cr4--us-browser-usage","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=market-cr4%3Aus-browser-usage#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=market-cr4%3Aus-browser-usage&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/markets/us-browser-usage","explorerHref":"/trends?markets=us-browser-usage&metric=cr4","signalGuardrail":"This is a within-profile comparison governed by the documented statcounter browser page-view usage share boundary. It is not annualized and should not be compared as a common national series with differently defined markets.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"market-hhi:us-browser-usage","ordinal":32,"question":"Which entry, exit, share, switching, price, quality, or capacity evidence can explain the movement inside this exact market boundary?","methodId":"market-mechanism","methodLabel":"Market mechanism","methodDetail":"Test entry, exit, switching, price, quality, capacity, and share pathways inside the declared market boundary.","evidenceRequests":["Entry and exit chronology for the same product and geographic boundary.","Participant shares at both observed anchors, including acquisitions and denominator changes.","Switching, price, quality, output, and capacity records covering the comparison window.","Method documentation confirming the market boundary and measurement basis across both anchors."],"domain":"markets","domainLabel":"Defined markets","entityId":"mkt-browser","entityCode":"us-browser-usage","entityLabel":"Browsers","metricId":"market-hhi","metricLabel":"Herfindahl-Hirschman Index","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2025","priorYear":2025,"priorValue":3720,"latestPeriod":"2026","latestYear":2026,"latestValue":3612,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":-108,"deltaPercent":-2.9,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Browsers moved from 3,720 in 2025 to 3,612 in 2026 (-108.0 HHI points).","interpretation":"The latest encoded HHI anchor is lower within this documented market series. The change alone does not identify a cause or establish competitive harm.","comparisonNote":"Latest observed anchor versus the immediately preceding observed anchor; intervening years are not estimated.","evidenceCount":4,"evidenceLabel":"4 observed anchors / 2023-2026","confidenceLevel":"medium","dataStatus":"estimated_public","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["statcounter-browser-us-2026"],"publishers":["StatCounter Global Stats"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-17","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=market-hhi%3Aus-browser-usage#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Amarket-hhi%3Aus-browser-usage&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/market-hhi--us-browser-usage","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=market-hhi%3Aus-browser-usage#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=market-hhi%3Aus-browser-usage&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/markets/us-browser-usage","explorerHref":"/trends?markets=us-browser-usage&metric=hhi","signalGuardrail":"This is a within-profile comparison governed by the documented statcounter browser page-view usage share boundary. It is not annualized and should not be compared as a common national series with differently defined markets.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"market-leader-share:us-browser-usage","ordinal":33,"question":"Which participant-share changes account for the structural movement, and are the denominator and coverage stable across both anchors?","methodId":"share-accounting","methodLabel":"Share accounting","methodDetail":"Reconstruct participant-share movement while checking denominator, coverage, entry, exit, and transaction changes.","evidenceRequests":["Firm- or product-level shares at both anchors using the same denominator.","Share changes attributable to entry, exit, acquisition, divestiture, or organic movement.","Coverage, missing-participant, and residual-category documentation for each anchor.","Source methodology showing whether measurement and participant classification stayed stable."],"domain":"markets","domainLabel":"Defined markets","entityId":"mkt-browser","entityCode":"us-browser-usage","entityLabel":"Browsers","metricId":"market-leader-share","metricLabel":"Leading-participant share","unit":"percentage_points","priorPeriod":"2025","priorYear":2025,"priorValue":52.32,"latestPeriod":"2026","latestYear":2026,"latestValue":50.03,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":-2.29,"deltaPercent":-4.4,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Browsers moved from 52.3% in 2025 to 50.0% in 2026 (-2.29 percentage points).","interpretation":"The latest encoded Leader share anchor is lower within this documented market series. The change alone does not identify a cause or establish competitive harm.","comparisonNote":"Latest observed anchor versus the immediately preceding observed anchor; intervening years are not estimated.","evidenceCount":4,"evidenceLabel":"4 observed anchors / 2023-2026","confidenceLevel":"low","dataStatus":"estimated_public","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["statcounter-browser-us-2026"],"publishers":["StatCounter Global Stats"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-17","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=market-leader-share%3Aus-browser-usage#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Amarket-leader-share%3Aus-browser-usage&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/market-leader-share--us-browser-usage","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=market-leader-share%3Aus-browser-usage#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=market-leader-share%3Aus-browser-usage&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/markets/us-browser-usage","explorerHref":"/trends?markets=us-browser-usage&metric=leaderShare","signalGuardrail":"This is a within-profile comparison governed by the documented statcounter browser page-view usage share boundary. It is not annualized and should not be compared as a common national series with differently defined markets.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"market-hhi:us-fixed-broadband-access","ordinal":34,"question":"Which entry, exit, share, switching, price, quality, or capacity evidence can explain the movement inside this exact market boundary?","methodId":"market-mechanism","methodLabel":"Market mechanism","methodDetail":"Test entry, exit, switching, price, quality, capacity, and share pathways inside the declared market boundary.","evidenceRequests":["Entry and exit chronology for the same product and geographic boundary.","Participant shares at both observed anchors, including acquisitions and denominator changes.","Switching, price, quality, output, and capacity records covering the comparison window.","Method documentation confirming the market boundary and measurement basis across both anchors."],"domain":"markets","domainLabel":"Defined markets","entityId":"mkt-fixed-broadband","entityCode":"us-fixed-broadband-access","entityLabel":"Fixed broadband","metricId":"market-hhi","metricLabel":"Herfindahl-Hirschman Index","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2023","priorYear":2023,"priorValue":1195,"latestPeriod":"2024","latestYear":2024,"latestValue":1501,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":306,"deltaPercent":25.6,"direction":"increased","observation":"Fixed broadband moved from 1,195 in 2023 to 1,501 in 2024 (+306.0 HHI points).","interpretation":"The latest encoded HHI anchor is higher within this documented market series. The change alone does not identify a cause or establish competitive harm.","comparisonNote":"Latest observed anchor versus the immediately preceding observed anchor; intervening years are not estimated.","evidenceCount":5,"evidenceLabel":"5 observed anchors / 2020-2024","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["fcc-internet-access-dec-2024"],"publishers":["Federal Communications Commission"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-21","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=market-hhi%3Aus-fixed-broadband-access#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Amarket-hhi%3Aus-fixed-broadband-access&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/market-hhi--us-fixed-broadband-access","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=market-hhi%3Aus-fixed-broadband-access#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=market-hhi%3Aus-fixed-broadband-access&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/markets/us-fixed-broadband-access","explorerHref":"/trends?markets=us-fixed-broadband-access&metric=hhi","signalGuardrail":"This is a within-profile comparison governed by the documented fcc source-reported provider-share hhi for qualifying residential fixed connections boundary. It is not annualized and should not be compared as a common national series with differently defined markets.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"market-cr4:us-mobile-operating-system-usage","ordinal":35,"question":"Which participant-share changes account for the structural movement, and are the denominator and coverage stable across both anchors?","methodId":"share-accounting","methodLabel":"Share accounting","methodDetail":"Reconstruct participant-share movement while checking denominator, coverage, entry, exit, and transaction changes.","evidenceRequests":["Firm- or product-level shares at both anchors using the same denominator.","Share changes attributable to entry, exit, acquisition, divestiture, or organic movement.","Coverage, missing-participant, and residual-category documentation for each anchor.","Source methodology showing whether measurement and participant classification stayed stable."],"domain":"markets","domainLabel":"Defined markets","entityId":"mkt-mobile-os","entityCode":"us-mobile-operating-system-usage","entityLabel":"Mobile operating systems","metricId":"market-cr4","metricLabel":"Four-participant concentration ratio","unit":"percentage_points","priorPeriod":"2025","priorYear":2025,"priorValue":99.96,"latestPeriod":"2026","latestYear":2026,"latestValue":100,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":0.04,"deltaPercent":0,"direction":"increased","observation":"Mobile operating systems moved from 100.0% in 2025 to 100.0% in 2026 (+0.04 percentage points).","interpretation":"The latest encoded CR4 anchor is higher within this documented market series. The change alone does not identify a cause or establish competitive harm.","comparisonNote":"Latest observed anchor versus the immediately preceding observed anchor; intervening years are not estimated.","evidenceCount":4,"evidenceLabel":"4 observed anchors / 2023-2026","confidenceLevel":"medium","dataStatus":"estimated_public","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["statcounter-mobile-os-us-2026"],"publishers":["StatCounter Global Stats"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-20","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=market-cr4%3Aus-mobile-operating-system-usage#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Amarket-cr4%3Aus-mobile-operating-system-usage&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/market-cr4--us-mobile-operating-system-usage","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=market-cr4%3Aus-mobile-operating-system-usage#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=market-cr4%3Aus-mobile-operating-system-usage&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/markets/us-mobile-operating-system-usage","explorerHref":"/trends?markets=us-mobile-operating-system-usage&metric=cr4","signalGuardrail":"This is a within-profile comparison governed by the documented statcounter mobile operating-system page-view share boundary. It is not annualized and should not be compared as a common national series with differently defined markets.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"market-hhi:us-mobile-operating-system-usage","ordinal":36,"question":"Which entry, exit, share, switching, price, quality, or capacity evidence can explain the movement inside this exact market boundary?","methodId":"market-mechanism","methodLabel":"Market mechanism","methodDetail":"Test entry, exit, switching, price, quality, capacity, and share pathways inside the declared market boundary.","evidenceRequests":["Entry and exit chronology for the same product and geographic boundary.","Participant shares at both observed anchors, including acquisitions and denominator changes.","Switching, price, quality, output, and capacity records covering the comparison window.","Method documentation confirming the market boundary and measurement basis across both anchors."],"domain":"markets","domainLabel":"Defined markets","entityId":"mkt-mobile-os","entityCode":"us-mobile-operating-system-usage","entityLabel":"Mobile operating systems","metricId":"market-hhi","metricLabel":"Herfindahl-Hirschman Index","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2025","priorYear":2025,"priorValue":5094,"latestPeriod":"2026","latestYear":2026,"latestValue":5337,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":243,"deltaPercent":4.8,"direction":"increased","observation":"Mobile operating systems moved from 5,094 in 2025 to 5,337 in 2026 (+243.0 HHI points).","interpretation":"The latest encoded HHI anchor is higher within this documented market series. The change alone does not identify a cause or establish competitive harm.","comparisonNote":"Latest observed anchor versus the immediately preceding observed anchor; intervening years are not estimated.","evidenceCount":4,"evidenceLabel":"4 observed anchors / 2023-2026","confidenceLevel":"medium","dataStatus":"estimated_public","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["statcounter-mobile-os-us-2026"],"publishers":["StatCounter Global Stats"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-20","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=market-hhi%3Aus-mobile-operating-system-usage#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Amarket-hhi%3Aus-mobile-operating-system-usage&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/market-hhi--us-mobile-operating-system-usage","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=market-hhi%3Aus-mobile-operating-system-usage#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=market-hhi%3Aus-mobile-operating-system-usage&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/markets/us-mobile-operating-system-usage","explorerHref":"/trends?markets=us-mobile-operating-system-usage&metric=hhi","signalGuardrail":"This is a within-profile comparison governed by the documented statcounter mobile operating-system page-view share boundary. It is not annualized and should not be compared as a common national series with differently defined markets.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"market-leader-share:us-mobile-operating-system-usage","ordinal":37,"question":"Which participant-share changes account for the structural movement, and are the denominator and coverage stable across both anchors?","methodId":"share-accounting","methodLabel":"Share accounting","methodDetail":"Reconstruct participant-share movement while checking denominator, coverage, entry, exit, and transaction changes.","evidenceRequests":["Firm- or product-level shares at both anchors using the same denominator.","Share changes attributable to entry, exit, acquisition, divestiture, or organic movement.","Coverage, missing-participant, and residual-category documentation for each anchor.","Source methodology showing whether measurement and participant classification stayed stable."],"domain":"markets","domainLabel":"Defined markets","entityId":"mkt-mobile-os","entityCode":"us-mobile-operating-system-usage","entityLabel":"Mobile operating systems","metricId":"market-leader-share","metricLabel":"Leading-participant share","unit":"percentage_points","priorPeriod":"2025","priorYear":2025,"priorValue":57.6,"latestPeriod":"2026","latestYear":2026,"latestValue":63.08,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":5.48,"deltaPercent":9.5,"direction":"increased","observation":"Mobile operating systems moved from 57.6% in 2025 to 63.1% in 2026 (+5.48 percentage points).","interpretation":"The latest encoded Leader share anchor is higher within this documented market series. The change alone does not identify a cause or establish competitive harm.","comparisonNote":"Latest observed anchor versus the immediately preceding observed anchor; intervening years are not estimated.","evidenceCount":4,"evidenceLabel":"4 observed anchors / 2023-2026","confidenceLevel":"medium","dataStatus":"estimated_public","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["statcounter-mobile-os-us-2026"],"publishers":["StatCounter Global Stats"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-20","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=market-leader-share%3Aus-mobile-operating-system-usage#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Amarket-leader-share%3Aus-mobile-operating-system-usage&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/market-leader-share--us-mobile-operating-system-usage","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=market-leader-share%3Aus-mobile-operating-system-usage#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=market-leader-share%3Aus-mobile-operating-system-usage&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/markets/us-mobile-operating-system-usage","explorerHref":"/trends?markets=us-mobile-operating-system-usage&metric=leaderShare","signalGuardrail":"This is a within-profile comparison governed by the documented statcounter mobile operating-system page-view share boundary. It is not annualized and should not be compared as a common national series with differently defined markets.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"market-cr4:us-search-engine-usage","ordinal":38,"question":"Which participant-share changes account for the structural movement, and are the denominator and coverage stable across both anchors?","methodId":"share-accounting","methodLabel":"Share accounting","methodDetail":"Reconstruct participant-share movement while checking denominator, coverage, entry, exit, and transaction changes.","evidenceRequests":["Firm- or product-level shares at both anchors using the same denominator.","Share changes attributable to entry, exit, acquisition, divestiture, or organic movement.","Coverage, missing-participant, and residual-category documentation for each anchor.","Source methodology showing whether measurement and participant classification stayed stable."],"domain":"markets","domainLabel":"Defined markets","entityId":"mkt-search","entityCode":"us-search-engine-usage","entityLabel":"Search engines","metricId":"market-cr4","metricLabel":"Four-participant concentration ratio","unit":"percentage_points","priorPeriod":"2025","priorYear":2025,"priorValue":99.41,"latestPeriod":"2026","latestYear":2026,"latestValue":99.39,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":-0.02,"deltaPercent":0,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Search engines moved from 99.4% in 2025 to 99.4% in 2026 (-0.02 percentage points).","interpretation":"The latest encoded CR4 anchor is lower within this documented market series. The change alone does not identify a cause or establish competitive harm.","comparisonNote":"Latest observed anchor versus the immediately preceding observed anchor; intervening years are not estimated.","evidenceCount":4,"evidenceLabel":"4 observed anchors / 2023-2026","confidenceLevel":"low","dataStatus":"estimated_public","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["statcounter-search-us-2026"],"publishers":["StatCounter Global Stats"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-17","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=market-cr4%3Aus-search-engine-usage#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Amarket-cr4%3Aus-search-engine-usage&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/market-cr4--us-search-engine-usage","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=market-cr4%3Aus-search-engine-usage#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":"/notebooks?recipe=market-evidence","briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=market-cr4%3Aus-search-engine-usage&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/markets/us-search-engine-usage","explorerHref":"/trends?markets=us-search-engine-usage&metric=cr4","signalGuardrail":"This is a within-profile comparison governed by the documented statcounter search engine referral usage share boundary. It is not annualized and should not be compared as a common national series with differently defined markets.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"market-hhi:us-search-engine-usage","ordinal":39,"question":"Which entry, exit, share, switching, price, quality, or capacity evidence can explain the movement inside this exact market boundary?","methodId":"market-mechanism","methodLabel":"Market mechanism","methodDetail":"Test entry, exit, switching, price, quality, capacity, and share pathways inside the declared market boundary.","evidenceRequests":["Entry and exit chronology for the same product and geographic boundary.","Participant shares at both observed anchors, including acquisitions and denominator changes.","Switching, price, quality, output, and capacity records covering the comparison window.","Method documentation confirming the market boundary and measurement basis across both anchors."],"domain":"markets","domainLabel":"Defined markets","entityId":"mkt-search","entityCode":"us-search-engine-usage","entityLabel":"Search engines","metricId":"market-hhi","metricLabel":"Herfindahl-Hirschman Index","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2025","priorYear":2025,"priorValue":7589,"latestPeriod":"2026","latestYear":2026,"latestValue":7359,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":-230,"deltaPercent":-3,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Search engines moved from 7,589 in 2025 to 7,359 in 2026 (-230.0 HHI points).","interpretation":"The latest encoded HHI anchor is lower within this documented market series. The change alone does not identify a cause or establish competitive harm.","comparisonNote":"Latest observed anchor versus the immediately preceding observed anchor; intervening years are not estimated.","evidenceCount":4,"evidenceLabel":"4 observed anchors / 2023-2026","confidenceLevel":"medium","dataStatus":"estimated_public","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["statcounter-search-us-2026"],"publishers":["StatCounter Global Stats"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-17","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=market-hhi%3Aus-search-engine-usage#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Amarket-hhi%3Aus-search-engine-usage&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/market-hhi--us-search-engine-usage","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=market-hhi%3Aus-search-engine-usage#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":"/notebooks?recipe=market-evidence","briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=market-hhi%3Aus-search-engine-usage&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/markets/us-search-engine-usage","explorerHref":"/trends?markets=us-search-engine-usage&metric=hhi","signalGuardrail":"This is a within-profile comparison governed by the documented statcounter search engine referral usage share boundary. It is not annualized and should not be compared as a common national series with differently defined markets.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"market-leader-share:us-search-engine-usage","ordinal":40,"question":"Which participant-share changes account for the structural movement, and are the denominator and coverage stable across both anchors?","methodId":"share-accounting","methodLabel":"Share accounting","methodDetail":"Reconstruct participant-share movement while checking denominator, coverage, entry, exit, and transaction changes.","evidenceRequests":["Firm- or product-level shares at both anchors using the same denominator.","Share changes attributable to entry, exit, acquisition, divestiture, or organic movement.","Coverage, missing-participant, and residual-category documentation for each anchor.","Source methodology showing whether measurement and participant classification stayed stable."],"domain":"markets","domainLabel":"Defined markets","entityId":"mkt-search","entityCode":"us-search-engine-usage","entityLabel":"Search engines","metricId":"market-leader-share","metricLabel":"Leading-participant share","unit":"percentage_points","priorPeriod":"2025","priorYear":2025,"priorValue":86.71,"latestPeriod":"2026","latestYear":2026,"latestValue":85.16,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":-1.55,"deltaPercent":-1.8,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Search engines moved from 86.7% in 2025 to 85.2% in 2026 (-1.55 percentage points).","interpretation":"The latest encoded Leader share anchor is lower within this documented market series. The change alone does not identify a cause or establish competitive harm.","comparisonNote":"Latest observed anchor versus the immediately preceding observed anchor; intervening years are not estimated.","evidenceCount":4,"evidenceLabel":"4 observed anchors / 2023-2026","confidenceLevel":"low","dataStatus":"estimated_public","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["statcounter-search-us-2026"],"publishers":["StatCounter Global Stats"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-17","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=market-leader-share%3Aus-search-engine-usage#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Amarket-leader-share%3Aus-search-engine-usage&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/market-leader-share--us-search-engine-usage","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=market-leader-share%3Aus-search-engine-usage#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":"/notebooks?recipe=market-evidence","briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=market-leader-share%3Aus-search-engine-usage&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/markets/us-search-engine-usage","explorerHref":"/trends?markets=us-search-engine-usage&metric=leaderShare","signalGuardrail":"This is a within-profile comparison governed by the documented statcounter search engine referral usage share boundary. It is not annualized and should not be compared as a common national series with differently defined markets.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"market-cr4:us-social-media-referral-traffic","ordinal":41,"question":"Which participant-share changes account for the structural movement, and are the denominator and coverage stable across both anchors?","methodId":"share-accounting","methodLabel":"Share accounting","methodDetail":"Reconstruct participant-share movement while checking denominator, coverage, entry, exit, and transaction changes.","evidenceRequests":["Firm- or product-level shares at both anchors using the same denominator.","Share changes attributable to entry, exit, acquisition, divestiture, or organic movement.","Coverage, missing-participant, and residual-category documentation for each anchor.","Source methodology showing whether measurement and participant classification stayed stable."],"domain":"markets","domainLabel":"Defined markets","entityId":"mkt-social-referral","entityCode":"us-social-media-referral-traffic","entityLabel":"Social referrals","metricId":"market-cr4","metricLabel":"Four-participant concentration ratio","unit":"percentage_points","priorPeriod":"2025","priorYear":2025,"priorValue":95.09,"latestPeriod":"2026","latestYear":2026,"latestValue":94.38,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":-0.71,"deltaPercent":-0.7,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Social referrals moved from 95.1% in 2025 to 94.4% in 2026 (-0.71 percentage points).","interpretation":"The latest encoded CR4 anchor is lower within this documented market series. The change alone does not identify a cause or establish competitive harm.","comparisonNote":"Latest observed anchor versus the immediately preceding observed anchor; intervening years are not estimated.","evidenceCount":4,"evidenceLabel":"4 observed anchors / 2023-2026","confidenceLevel":"medium","dataStatus":"estimated_public","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["statcounter-social-referral-us-2026"],"publishers":["StatCounter Global Stats"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-20","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=market-cr4%3Aus-social-media-referral-traffic#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Amarket-cr4%3Aus-social-media-referral-traffic&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/market-cr4--us-social-media-referral-traffic","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=market-cr4%3Aus-social-media-referral-traffic#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=market-cr4%3Aus-social-media-referral-traffic&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/markets/us-social-media-referral-traffic","explorerHref":"/trends?markets=us-social-media-referral-traffic&metric=cr4","signalGuardrail":"This is a within-profile comparison governed by the documented statcounter all-platform social-media referral share boundary. It is not annualized and should not be compared as a common national series with differently defined markets.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"market-hhi:us-social-media-referral-traffic","ordinal":42,"question":"Which entry, exit, share, switching, price, quality, or capacity evidence can explain the movement inside this exact market boundary?","methodId":"market-mechanism","methodLabel":"Market mechanism","methodDetail":"Test entry, exit, switching, price, quality, capacity, and share pathways inside the declared market boundary.","evidenceRequests":["Entry and exit chronology for the same product and geographic boundary.","Participant shares at both observed anchors, including acquisitions and denominator changes.","Switching, price, quality, output, and capacity records covering the comparison window.","Method documentation confirming the market boundary and measurement basis across both anchors."],"domain":"markets","domainLabel":"Defined markets","entityId":"mkt-social-referral","entityCode":"us-social-media-referral-traffic","entityLabel":"Social referrals","metricId":"market-hhi","metricLabel":"Herfindahl-Hirschman Index","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2025","priorYear":2025,"priorValue":3804,"latestPeriod":"2026","latestYear":2026,"latestValue":4995,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":1191,"deltaPercent":31.3,"direction":"increased","observation":"Social referrals moved from 3,804 in 2025 to 4,995 in 2026 (+1,191.0 HHI points).","interpretation":"The latest encoded HHI anchor is higher within this documented market series. The change alone does not identify a cause or establish competitive harm.","comparisonNote":"Latest observed anchor versus the immediately preceding observed anchor; intervening years are not estimated.","evidenceCount":4,"evidenceLabel":"4 observed anchors / 2023-2026","confidenceLevel":"medium","dataStatus":"estimated_public","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["statcounter-social-referral-us-2026"],"publishers":["StatCounter Global Stats"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-20","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=market-hhi%3Aus-social-media-referral-traffic#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Amarket-hhi%3Aus-social-media-referral-traffic&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/market-hhi--us-social-media-referral-traffic","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=market-hhi%3Aus-social-media-referral-traffic#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=market-hhi%3Aus-social-media-referral-traffic&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/markets/us-social-media-referral-traffic","explorerHref":"/trends?markets=us-social-media-referral-traffic&metric=hhi","signalGuardrail":"This is a within-profile comparison governed by the documented statcounter all-platform social-media referral share boundary. It is not annualized and should not be compared as a common national series with differently defined markets.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"market-leader-share:us-social-media-referral-traffic","ordinal":43,"question":"Which participant-share changes account for the structural movement, and are the denominator and coverage stable across both anchors?","methodId":"share-accounting","methodLabel":"Share accounting","methodDetail":"Reconstruct participant-share movement while checking denominator, coverage, entry, exit, and transaction changes.","evidenceRequests":["Firm- or product-level shares at both anchors using the same denominator.","Share changes attributable to entry, exit, acquisition, divestiture, or organic movement.","Coverage, missing-participant, and residual-category documentation for each anchor.","Source methodology showing whether measurement and participant classification stayed stable."],"domain":"markets","domainLabel":"Defined markets","entityId":"mkt-social-referral","entityCode":"us-social-media-referral-traffic","entityLabel":"Social referrals","metricId":"market-leader-share","metricLabel":"Leading-participant share","unit":"percentage_points","priorPeriod":"2025","priorYear":2025,"priorValue":57.45,"latestPeriod":"2026","latestYear":2026,"latestValue":68.94,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":11.49,"deltaPercent":20,"direction":"increased","observation":"Social referrals moved from 57.5% in 2025 to 68.9% in 2026 (+11.49 percentage points).","interpretation":"The latest encoded Leader share anchor is higher within this documented market series. The change alone does not identify a cause or establish competitive harm.","comparisonNote":"Latest observed anchor versus the immediately preceding observed anchor; intervening years are not estimated.","evidenceCount":4,"evidenceLabel":"4 observed anchors / 2023-2026","confidenceLevel":"medium","dataStatus":"estimated_public","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["statcounter-social-referral-us-2026"],"publishers":["StatCounter Global Stats"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-20","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=market-leader-share%3Aus-social-media-referral-traffic#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Amarket-leader-share%3Aus-social-media-referral-traffic&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/market-leader-share--us-social-media-referral-traffic","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=market-leader-share%3Aus-social-media-referral-traffic#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=market-leader-share%3Aus-social-media-referral-traffic&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/markets/us-social-media-referral-traffic","explorerHref":"/trends?markets=us-social-media-referral-traffic&metric=leaderShare","signalGuardrail":"This is a within-profile comparison governed by the documented statcounter all-platform social-media referral share boundary. It is not annualized and should not be compared as a common national series with differently defined markets.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"market-hhi:us-mobile-wireless-service","ordinal":44,"question":"Which entry, exit, share, switching, price, quality, or capacity evidence can explain the movement inside this exact market boundary?","methodId":"market-mechanism","methodLabel":"Market mechanism","methodDetail":"Test entry, exit, switching, price, quality, capacity, and share pathways inside the declared market boundary.","evidenceRequests":["Entry and exit chronology for the same product and geographic boundary.","Participant shares at both observed anchors, including acquisitions and denominator changes.","Switching, price, quality, output, and capacity records covering the comparison window.","Method documentation confirming the market boundary and measurement basis across both anchors."],"domain":"markets","domainLabel":"Defined markets","entityId":"mkt-wireless","entityCode":"us-mobile-wireless-service","entityLabel":"Wireless service","metricId":"market-hhi","metricLabel":"Herfindahl-Hirschman Index","unit":"hhi_points","priorPeriod":"2021","priorYear":2021,"priorValue":3596,"latestPeriod":"2023","latestYear":2023,"latestValue":3550,"yearsBetween":2,"delta":-46,"deltaPercent":-1.3,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Wireless service moved from 3,596 in 2021 to 3,550 in 2023 (-46.0 HHI points).","interpretation":"The latest encoded HHI anchor is lower within this documented market series. The change alone does not identify a cause or establish competitive harm.","comparisonNote":"Latest observed anchor versus the immediately preceding observed anchor; intervening years are not estimated.","evidenceCount":3,"evidenceLabel":"3 observed anchors / 2017-2023","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["fcc-2024-cmr"],"publishers":["Federal Communications Commission"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-05-16","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=market-hhi%3Aus-mobile-wireless-service#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Amarket-hhi%3Aus-mobile-wireless-service&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/market-hhi--us-mobile-wireless-service","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=market-hhi%3Aus-mobile-wireless-service#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":null,"briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=market-hhi%3Aus-mobile-wireless-service&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/markets/us-mobile-wireless-service","explorerHref":"/trends?markets=us-mobile-wireless-service&metric=hhi","signalGuardrail":"This is a within-profile comparison governed by the documented fcc source-reported hhi by economic area boundary. It is not annualized and should not be compared as a common national series with differently defined markets.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"hsr-second-request-rate","ordinal":45,"question":"How did transaction mix, clearance, adjusted denominators, and agency review practice change alongside the observed rate?","methodId":"review-process-context","methodLabel":"Review process context","methodDetail":"Test whether transaction mix, clearance, adjusted denominators, or agency practice moved alongside the review rate.","evidenceRequests":["Adjusted transaction denominators, clearance counts, and agency allocation for both fiscal years.","Transaction-size and industry mix for matters entering the review pipeline.","Review-practice, process-rule, staffing, and reporting changes across the interval.","Second Requests, complaints, settlements, abandonments, and other outcomes kept as separate measures."],"domain":"mergers","domainLabel":"Federal merger activity","entityId":"hsr-program","entityCode":"hsr-program","entityLabel":"Hart-Scott-Rodino program","metricId":"hsr-second-request-rate","metricLabel":"Second Request rate","unit":"percentage_points","priorPeriod":"FY2024","priorYear":2024,"priorValue":3,"latestPeriod":"FY2025","latestYear":2025,"latestValue":2.1,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":-0.9,"deltaPercent":-30,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Second Request rate moved from 3.0% in FY2024 to 2.1% in FY2025 (-0.90 percentage points).","interpretation":"The latest reported review rate is lower than the prior fiscal year. This is a program-activity comparison, not a finding about merger harm or enforcement effectiveness.","comparisonNote":"Latest reported federal fiscal year versus the immediately preceding fiscal year in the same HSR annual report series.","evidenceCount":10,"evidenceLabel":"10 annual records / FY2016-FY2025","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["ftc-doj-hsr-report-2025"],"publishers":["Federal Trade Commission and U.S. Department of Justice"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-18","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=hsr-second-request-rate#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Ahsr-second-request-rate&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/hsr-second-request-rate","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=hsr-second-request-rate#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":"/notebooks?recipe=merger-review","briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=hsr-second-request-rate&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/mergers","explorerHref":"/mergers?metric=second_request_rate&year=2025","signalGuardrail":"Second Requests and public enforcement actions are different stages with different timing rules. Their counts must not be treated as a finding that every reviewed or reported transaction was anticompetitive.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."},{"id":"hsr-transactions","ordinal":46,"question":"How did filing mix, transaction size, thresholds, exemptions, and macroeconomic conditions change alongside notification volume?","methodId":"merger-program-context","methodLabel":"Merger program context","methodDetail":"Place HSR notification volume beside filing mix, transaction size, thresholds, exemptions, and macroeconomic context.","evidenceRequests":["Transaction-size distribution and filing composition for both fiscal years.","Threshold, exemption, reporting-rule, and early-termination changes across the interval.","Transaction outcome and industry-mix records that can separate volume from composition.","Macroeconomic and financing context reported alongside, without treating co-movement as causation."],"domain":"mergers","domainLabel":"Federal merger activity","entityId":"hsr-program","entityCode":"hsr-program","entityLabel":"Hart-Scott-Rodino program","metricId":"hsr-transactions","metricLabel":"Reported HSR transactions","unit":"count","priorPeriod":"FY2024","priorYear":2024,"priorValue":2031,"latestPeriod":"FY2025","latestYear":2025,"latestValue":2006,"yearsBetween":1,"delta":-25,"deltaPercent":-1.2,"direction":"decreased","observation":"Reported HSR transactions moved from 2,031 in FY2024 to 2,006 in FY2025 (-25 transactions).","interpretation":"The latest reported transaction volume is lower than the prior fiscal year. This is a program-activity comparison, not a finding about merger harm or enforcement effectiveness.","comparisonNote":"Latest reported federal fiscal year versus the immediately preceding fiscal year in the same HSR annual report series.","evidenceCount":10,"evidenceLabel":"10 annual records / FY2016-FY2025","confidenceLevel":"high","dataStatus":"verified","sourceCount":1,"sourceIds":["ftc-doj-hsr-report-2025"],"publishers":["Federal Trade Commission and U.S. Department of Justice"],"latestSourceAccessDate":"2026-07-18","agendaHref":"/research/agenda?question=hsr-transactions#research-agenda-observatory","atlasHref":"/atlas?focus=question%3Ahsr-transactions&layer=research","researchProfileHref":"/research/agenda/hsr-transactions","monitorHref":"/economy/monitor?signal=hsr-transactions#competition-monitor-console","notebookHref":"/notebooks?recipe=merger-review","briefingHref":"/research/briefing?signals=hsr-transactions&audience=research#competition-briefing-studio","profileHref":"/mergers","explorerHref":"/mergers?metric=transactions&year=2025","signalGuardrail":"HSR transactions are notifications reported under the federal premerger program, not a census of every U.S. merger. A reported transaction can involve multiple filings, and the adjusted denominator removes matters for which the agencies could not issue a Second Request.","agendaGuardrail":"Agenda questions are derived from published latest-to-prior competition signals and remain attached to their exact metric, periods, universe, and source custody. They are not ranked, scored, or treated as findings of causality, competitive harm, liability, enforcement merit, or research importance. Evidence requests describe work to collect, not evidence already established."}]}