{"license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","dataset":"markets","count":12,"rows":[{"id":"mkt-wireless","slug":"us-mobile-wireless-service","name":"U.S. mobile wireless service","shortName":"Wireless service","geography":"United States","sector":"Telecommunications","dataVintage":"2023","naicsCode":"517112","industryHref":"/industries/517112","crosswalkHref":"/markets/economy?bridgeMarket=us-mobile-wireless-service&bridgeNaics=517112#market-industry-crosswalk","latestHhi":3550,"concentrationClass":"highly_concentrated","cr4":null,"topFirmShare":null,"hhiAtOrAbove2500":true,"hhiDisclosureGap":false,"dataStatus":"verified","confidenceLevel":"high","sourceCount":1,"policySourceCount":2,"policyEventCount":2,"reportCount":2,"briefAction":"Track roll-ups, serial acquisitions, vertical restraints, and remedy compliance before concentration hardens further.","briefActionLevel":"Immediate review","briefChange":"HHI rose by 444 points from 2017 to 2023, moving from 3,106 to 3,550.","briefComparisonDelta":444,"briefComparisonDirection":"increased","briefComparisonFromYear":2017,"briefComparisonMetric":"hhi","briefComparisonToYear":2023,"briefEvidence":"2 records in the evidence custody chain, 0 latest share rows, 2 linked official records, and 2 related briefs support this profile. Status is verified with high confidence.","briefEvidenceState":"measured_hhi","briefGuardrail":"This brief summarizes the observatory's published market screen. It does not define a legal antitrust market, establish market power, identify anticompetitive conduct, estimate consumer harm, or convert descriptive concentration into a causal claim.","briefHeadline":"Wireless service: highly concentrated, with observed HHI up 444 points.","briefHref":"/markets/us-mobile-wireless-service#overview","briefQuestion":"How does the published concentration screen vary across relevant geographic markets, customer groups, and later source releases?","briefSourceIds":"fcc-2024-cmr|doj-tmobile-sprint-settlement-2019","briefStructure":"The latest 2023 screen reports HHI 3,550, classified as highly concentrated."},{"id":"mkt-fixed-broadband","slug":"us-fixed-broadband-access","name":"U.S. residential fixed broadband access","shortName":"Fixed broadband","geography":"United States / separately reported state, county, and census-tract summaries","sector":"Telecommunications","dataVintage":"2024","naicsCode":"517111","industryHref":"/industries/517111","crosswalkHref":"/markets/economy?bridgeMarket=us-fixed-broadband-access&bridgeNaics=517111#market-industry-crosswalk","latestHhi":1501,"concentrationClass":"moderately_concentrated","cr4":null,"topFirmShare":null,"hhiAtOrAbove2500":false,"hhiDisclosureGap":false,"dataStatus":"verified","confidenceLevel":"high","sourceCount":1,"policySourceCount":0,"policyEventCount":0,"reportCount":1,"briefAction":"Track roll-ups, serial acquisitions, vertical restraints, and remedy compliance before concentration hardens further.","briefActionLevel":"Near-term watch","briefChange":"HHI rose by 330 points from 2020 to 2024, moving from 1,171 to 1,501.","briefComparisonDelta":330,"briefComparisonDirection":"increased","briefComparisonFromYear":2020,"briefComparisonMetric":"hhi","briefComparisonToYear":2024,"briefEvidence":"1 record in the evidence custody chain, 0 latest share rows, 0 linked official records, and 1 related brief support this profile. Status is verified with high confidence.","briefEvidenceState":"measured_hhi","briefGuardrail":"This brief summarizes the observatory's published market screen. It does not define a legal antitrust market, establish market power, identify anticompetitive conduct, estimate consumer harm, or convert descriptive concentration into a causal claim.","briefHeadline":"Fixed broadband: moderately concentrated, with observed HHI up 330 points.","briefHref":"/markets/us-fixed-broadband-access#overview","briefQuestion":"How does the published concentration screen vary across relevant geographic markets, customer groups, and later source releases?","briefSourceIds":"fcc-internet-access-dec-2024","briefStructure":"The latest 2024 screen reports HHI 1,501, classified as moderately concentrated."},{"id":"mkt-airlines","slug":"us-airline-domestic-passengers","name":"U.S. domestic airline passengers","shortName":"Domestic airlines","geography":"United States","sector":"Transportation","dataVintage":"2026","naicsCode":"481111","industryHref":"/industries/481111","crosswalkHref":"/markets/economy?bridgeMarket=us-airline-domestic-passengers&bridgeNaics=481111#market-industry-crosswalk","latestHhi":null,"concentrationClass":null,"cr4":69,"topFirmShare":17.8,"hhiAtOrAbove2500":null,"hhiDisclosureGap":true,"dataStatus":"incomplete","confidenceLevel":"high","sourceCount":1,"policySourceCount":2,"policyEventCount":2,"reportCount":2,"briefAction":"Publish firm-level shares, ownership/control links, and market-definition notes before public agencies rely on private estimates.","briefActionLevel":"Evidence build","briefChange":"The current public record does not provide a definition-stable firm-level HHI series.","briefComparisonDelta":null,"briefComparisonDirection":"unavailable","briefComparisonFromYear":null,"briefComparisonMetric":null,"briefComparisonToYear":null,"briefEvidence":"3 records in the evidence custody chain, 11 latest share rows, 2 linked official records, and 2 related briefs support this profile. Status is incomplete with high confidence.","briefEvidenceState":"aggregate_only","briefGuardrail":"This brief summarizes the observatory's published market screen. It does not define a legal antitrust market, establish market power, identify anticompetitive conduct, estimate consumer harm, or convert descriptive concentration into a causal claim.","briefHeadline":"Domestic airlines: a 69.0% CR4 screen, but no publishable firm-level HHI.","briefHref":"/markets/us-airline-domestic-passengers#overview","briefQuestion":"Which individual firm shares and geographic boundaries are needed to move from aggregate concentration facts to a complete market screen?","briefSourceIds":"bts-transtats-2026|doj-jetblue-spirit-ruling-2024|doj-air-travel-inquiry-2024","briefStructure":"The latest structured aggregate is 69.0%. Individual shares do not close a firm-level distribution, so HHI remains withheld."},{"id":"mkt-housing","slug":"us-rental-housing-access","name":"U.S. rental housing access","shortName":"Rental housing","geography":"United States / local housing markets","sector":"Real estate","dataVintage":"2026","naicsCode":"531110","industryHref":"/industries/531110","crosswalkHref":"/markets/economy?bridgeMarket=us-rental-housing-access&bridgeNaics=531110#market-industry-crosswalk","latestHhi":null,"concentrationClass":null,"cr4":null,"topFirmShare":null,"hhiAtOrAbove2500":null,"hhiDisclosureGap":true,"dataStatus":"incomplete","confidenceLevel":"medium","sourceCount":4,"policySourceCount":2,"policyEventCount":2,"reportCount":2,"briefAction":"Publish firm-level shares, ownership/control links, and market-definition notes before public agencies rely on private estimates.","briefActionLevel":"Evidence build","briefChange":"No comparable firm-level concentration series is published for this profile.","briefComparisonDelta":null,"briefComparisonDirection":"unavailable","briefComparisonFromYear":null,"briefComparisonMetric":null,"briefComparisonToYear":null,"briefEvidence":"4 records in the evidence custody chain, 2 latest share rows, 2 linked official records, and 2 related briefs support this profile. Status is incomplete with medium confidence.","briefEvidenceState":"data_gap","briefGuardrail":"This brief summarizes the observatory's published market screen. It does not define a legal antitrust market, establish market power, identify anticompetitive conduct, estimate consumer harm, or convert descriptive concentration into a causal claim.","briefHeadline":"Rental housing: public access indicators, but no defensible national firm-share market.","briefHref":"/markets/us-rental-housing-access#overview","briefQuestion":"Which local ownership, management, unit-count, and rental-share records are needed to measure actual housing-market choice?","briefSourceIds":"jchs-rental-housing-2026|gao-institutional-sfr-2026|doj-realpage-case-2024|doj-realpage-settlement-2025","briefStructure":"The current sources do not identify a complete firm-level distribution under one consistent denominator. The published basis is: The relevant population or housing stock differs by source and is not combined into a single market denominator. The observatory therefore withholds HHI instead of filling the gap with assumptions."},{"id":"mkt-search","slug":"us-search-engine-usage","name":"U.S. search engine usage","shortName":"Search engines","geography":"United States","sector":"Digital platforms","dataVintage":"2026","naicsCode":"518210","industryHref":"/industries/518210","crosswalkHref":"/markets/economy?bridgeMarket=us-search-engine-usage&bridgeNaics=518210#market-industry-crosswalk","latestHhi":7359,"concentrationClass":"highly_concentrated","cr4":99.4,"topFirmShare":85.16,"hhiAtOrAbove2500":true,"hhiDisclosureGap":false,"dataStatus":"estimated_public","confidenceLevel":"medium","sourceCount":1,"policySourceCount":2,"policyEventCount":3,"reportCount":3,"briefAction":"Test whether the dominant firm controls access, switching, pricing, defaults, distribution, or other chokepoints that weaken consumer choice.","briefActionLevel":"Immediate review","briefChange":"HHI fell by 591 points from 2023 to 2026, moving from 7,950 to 7,359.","briefComparisonDelta":-591,"briefComparisonDirection":"decreased","briefComparisonFromYear":2023,"briefComparisonMetric":"hhi","briefComparisonToYear":2026,"briefEvidence":"3 records in the evidence custody chain, 7 latest share rows, 3 linked official records, and 3 related briefs support this profile. Status is estimated public with medium confidence.","briefEvidenceState":"measured_hhi","briefGuardrail":"This brief summarizes the observatory's published market screen. It does not define a legal antitrust market, establish market power, identify anticompetitive conduct, estimate consumer harm, or convert descriptive concentration into a causal claim.","briefHeadline":"Search engines: highly concentrated, with observed HHI down 591 points.","briefHref":"/markets/us-search-engine-usage#overview","briefQuestion":"Does the observed usage structure persist in revenue, switching, access, quality, and conduct evidence under a legally relevant market definition?","briefSourceIds":"statcounter-search-us-2026|doj-google-search-case-2020|doj-google-search-remedies-2025","briefStructure":"The latest 2026 screen reports HHI 7,359, classified as highly concentrated. Google Search leads the sourced distribution at 85.2%. The four largest named participants account for 99.4%."},{"id":"mkt-browser","slug":"us-browser-usage","name":"U.S. browser usage","shortName":"Browsers","geography":"United States","sector":"Software","dataVintage":"2026","naicsCode":"513210","industryHref":"/industries/513210","crosswalkHref":"/markets/economy?bridgeMarket=us-browser-usage&bridgeNaics=513210#market-industry-crosswalk","latestHhi":3612,"concentrationClass":"highly_concentrated","cr4":93.8,"topFirmShare":50.03,"hhiAtOrAbove2500":true,"hhiDisclosureGap":false,"dataStatus":"estimated_public","confidenceLevel":"medium","sourceCount":1,"policySourceCount":2,"policyEventCount":3,"reportCount":3,"briefAction":"Test whether the dominant firm controls access, switching, pricing, defaults, distribution, or other chokepoints that weaken consumer choice.","briefActionLevel":"Immediate review","briefChange":"HHI changed by 52 points from 2023 to 2026, moving from 3,664 to 3,612.","briefComparisonDelta":-52,"briefComparisonDirection":"stable","briefComparisonFromYear":2023,"briefComparisonMetric":"hhi","briefComparisonToYear":2026,"briefEvidence":"3 records in the evidence custody chain, 7 latest share rows, 3 linked official records, and 3 related briefs support this profile. Status is estimated public with medium confidence.","briefEvidenceState":"measured_hhi","briefGuardrail":"This brief summarizes the observatory's published market screen. It does not define a legal antitrust market, establish market power, identify anticompetitive conduct, estimate consumer harm, or convert descriptive concentration into a causal claim.","briefHeadline":"Browsers: highly concentrated, with little change across the published comparison window.","briefHref":"/markets/us-browser-usage#overview","briefQuestion":"Does the observed usage structure persist in revenue, switching, access, quality, and conduct evidence under a legally relevant market definition?","briefSourceIds":"statcounter-browser-us-2026|doj-google-search-case-2020|doj-google-search-remedies-2025","briefStructure":"The latest 2026 screen reports HHI 3,612, classified as highly concentrated. Chrome leads the sourced distribution at 50.0%. The four largest named participants account for 93.8%."},{"id":"mkt-pbm","slug":"us-pharmacy-benefit-management","name":"U.S. pharmacy benefit management","shortName":"PBMs","geography":"United States","sector":"Health care","dataVintage":"2023","naicsCode":"524292","industryHref":"/industries/524292","crosswalkHref":"/markets/economy?bridgeMarket=us-pharmacy-benefit-management&bridgeNaics=524292#market-industry-crosswalk","latestHhi":null,"concentrationClass":null,"cr4":null,"topFirmShare":null,"hhiAtOrAbove2500":null,"hhiDisclosureGap":true,"dataStatus":"incomplete","confidenceLevel":"high","sourceCount":1,"policySourceCount":4,"policyEventCount":4,"reportCount":2,"briefAction":"Publish firm-level shares, ownership/control links, and market-definition notes before public agencies rely on private estimates.","briefActionLevel":"Evidence build","briefChange":"The current public record does not provide a definition-stable firm-level HHI series.","briefComparisonDelta":null,"briefComparisonDirection":"unavailable","briefComparisonFromYear":null,"briefComparisonMetric":null,"briefComparisonToYear":null,"briefEvidence":"4 records in the evidence custody chain, 0 latest share rows, 4 linked official records, and 2 related briefs support this profile. Status is incomplete with high confidence.","briefEvidenceState":"aggregate_only","briefGuardrail":"This brief summarizes the observatory's published market screen. It does not define a legal antitrust market, establish market power, identify anticompetitive conduct, estimate consumer harm, or convert descriptive concentration into a causal claim.","briefHeadline":"PBMs: aggregate concentration evidence, but not the individual shares required for HHI.","briefHref":"/markets/us-pharmacy-benefit-management#overview","briefQuestion":"Which individual firm shares and geographic boundaries are needed to move from aggregate concentration facts to a complete market screen?","briefSourceIds":"ftc-pbm-interim-2024|ftc-pbm-insulin-complaint-2024|ftc-express-scripts-settlement-2026|ftc-caremark-settlement-2026","briefStructure":"The public record reports only aggregate concentration facts. Individual shares do not close a firm-level distribution, so HHI remains withheld."},{"id":"mkt-ai-chatbot","slug":"us-ai-assistant-usage","name":"U.S. generative AI assistant usage","shortName":"AI assistants","geography":"United States","sector":"Digital platforms","dataVintage":"2026","naicsCode":"518210","industryHref":"/industries/518210","crosswalkHref":"/markets/economy?bridgeMarket=us-ai-assistant-usage&bridgeNaics=518210#market-industry-crosswalk","latestHhi":4804,"concentrationClass":"highly_concentrated","cr4":94.8,"topFirmShare":67.13,"hhiAtOrAbove2500":true,"hhiDisclosureGap":false,"dataStatus":"estimated_public","confidenceLevel":"medium","sourceCount":1,"policySourceCount":2,"policyEventCount":2,"reportCount":2,"briefAction":"Test whether the dominant firm controls access, switching, pricing, defaults, distribution, or other chokepoints that weaken consumer choice.","briefActionLevel":"Immediate review","briefChange":"The profile currently has one comparable concentration snapshot, so no direction is assigned.","briefComparisonDelta":null,"briefComparisonDirection":"unavailable","briefComparisonFromYear":null,"briefComparisonMetric":null,"briefComparisonToYear":null,"briefEvidence":"3 records in the evidence custody chain, 6 latest share rows, 2 linked official records, and 2 related briefs support this profile. Status is estimated public with medium confidence.","briefEvidenceState":"measured_hhi","briefGuardrail":"This brief summarizes the observatory's published market screen. It does not define a legal antitrust market, establish market power, identify anticompetitive conduct, estimate consumer harm, or convert descriptive concentration into a causal claim.","briefHeadline":"AI assistants: highly concentrated in the latest public screen.","briefHref":"/markets/us-ai-assistant-usage#overview","briefQuestion":"Does the observed usage structure persist in revenue, switching, access, quality, and conduct evidence under a legally relevant market definition?","briefSourceIds":"statcounter-ai-chatbot-us-2026|ftc-ai-partnerships-report-2025|doj-google-search-remedies-2025","briefStructure":"The latest 2026 screen reports HHI 4,804, classified as highly concentrated. ChatGPT leads the sourced distribution at 67.1%. The four largest named participants account for 94.8%."},{"id":"mkt-meatpacking","slug":"us-steer-heifer-meatpacking-purchases","name":"U.S. steer and heifer purchases by beef packers","shortName":"Beef meatpacking","geography":"United States / regional cattle procurement markets","sector":"Food and agriculture","dataVintage":"2019","naicsCode":"311611","industryHref":"/industries/311611","crosswalkHref":"/markets/economy?bridgeMarket=us-steer-heifer-meatpacking-purchases&bridgeNaics=311611#market-industry-crosswalk","latestHhi":null,"concentrationClass":null,"cr4":null,"topFirmShare":null,"hhiAtOrAbove2500":null,"hhiDisclosureGap":true,"dataStatus":"incomplete","confidenceLevel":"high","sourceCount":3,"policySourceCount":0,"policyEventCount":0,"reportCount":2,"briefAction":"Publish firm-level shares, ownership/control links, and market-definition notes before public agencies rely on private estimates.","briefActionLevel":"Evidence build","briefChange":"Published CR4 rose by 49 percentage points from 1980 to 2019, moving from 36 to 85.","briefComparisonDelta":49,"briefComparisonDirection":"increased","briefComparisonFromYear":1980,"briefComparisonMetric":"published_cr4","briefComparisonToYear":2019,"briefEvidence":"1 record in the evidence custody chain, 1 latest share row, 0 linked official records, and 2 related briefs support this profile. Status is incomplete with high confidence.","briefEvidenceState":"aggregate_only","briefGuardrail":"This brief summarizes the observatory's published market screen. It does not define a legal antitrust market, establish market power, identify anticompetitive conduct, estimate consumer harm, or convert descriptive concentration into a causal claim.","briefHeadline":"Beef meatpacking: published top-four share up 49 points, while firm-level HHI remains unavailable.","briefHref":"/markets/us-steer-heifer-meatpacking-purchases#overview","briefQuestion":"Which individual firm shares and geographic boundaries are needed to move from aggregate concentration facts to a complete market screen?","briefSourceIds":"usda-ers-meatpacking-2024","briefStructure":"The latest structured aggregate is 85.0%. Individual shares do not close a firm-level distribution, so HHI remains withheld."},{"id":"mkt-mobile-os","slug":"us-mobile-operating-system-usage","name":"U.S. mobile operating-system web usage","shortName":"Mobile operating systems","geography":"United States","sector":"Digital platforms","dataVintage":"2026","naicsCode":"513210","industryHref":"/industries/513210","crosswalkHref":"/markets/economy?bridgeMarket=us-mobile-operating-system-usage&bridgeNaics=513210#market-industry-crosswalk","latestHhi":5337,"concentrationClass":"highly_concentrated","cr4":100,"topFirmShare":63.08,"hhiAtOrAbove2500":true,"hhiDisclosureGap":false,"dataStatus":"estimated_public","confidenceLevel":"medium","sourceCount":1,"policySourceCount":0,"policyEventCount":0,"reportCount":1,"briefAction":"Test whether the dominant firm controls access, switching, pricing, defaults, distribution, or other chokepoints that weaken consumer choice.","briefActionLevel":"Immediate review","briefChange":"HHI rose by 180 points from 2023 to 2026, moving from 5,157 to 5,337.","briefComparisonDelta":180,"briefComparisonDirection":"increased","briefComparisonFromYear":2023,"briefComparisonMetric":"hhi","briefComparisonToYear":2026,"briefEvidence":"1 record in the evidence custody chain, 9 latest share rows, 0 linked official records, and 1 related brief support this profile. Status is estimated public with medium confidence.","briefEvidenceState":"measured_hhi","briefGuardrail":"This brief summarizes the observatory's published market screen. It does not define a legal antitrust market, establish market power, identify anticompetitive conduct, estimate consumer harm, or convert descriptive concentration into a causal claim.","briefHeadline":"Mobile operating systems: highly concentrated, with observed HHI up 180 points.","briefHref":"/markets/us-mobile-operating-system-usage#overview","briefQuestion":"Does the observed usage structure persist in revenue, switching, access, quality, and conduct evidence under a legally relevant market definition?","briefSourceIds":"statcounter-mobile-os-us-2026","briefStructure":"The latest 2026 screen reports HHI 5,337, classified as highly concentrated. iOS leads the sourced distribution at 63.1%. The four largest named participants account for 100.0%."},{"id":"mkt-social-referral","slug":"us-social-media-referral-traffic","name":"U.S. social-media referral traffic","shortName":"Social referrals","geography":"United States","sector":"Digital platforms","dataVintage":"2026","naicsCode":"519290","industryHref":"/industries/519290","crosswalkHref":"/markets/economy?bridgeMarket=us-social-media-referral-traffic&bridgeNaics=519290#market-industry-crosswalk","latestHhi":4995,"concentrationClass":"highly_concentrated","cr4":94.4,"topFirmShare":68.94,"hhiAtOrAbove2500":true,"hhiDisclosureGap":false,"dataStatus":"estimated_public","confidenceLevel":"medium","sourceCount":1,"policySourceCount":0,"policyEventCount":0,"reportCount":1,"briefAction":"Test whether the dominant firm controls access, switching, pricing, defaults, distribution, or other chokepoints that weaken consumer choice.","briefActionLevel":"Immediate review","briefChange":"HHI rose by 1,602 points from 2023 to 2026, moving from 3,393 to 4,995.","briefComparisonDelta":1602,"briefComparisonDirection":"increased","briefComparisonFromYear":2023,"briefComparisonMetric":"hhi","briefComparisonToYear":2026,"briefEvidence":"1 record in the evidence custody chain, 12 latest share rows, 0 linked official records, and 1 related brief support this profile. Status is estimated public with medium confidence.","briefEvidenceState":"measured_hhi","briefGuardrail":"This brief summarizes the observatory's published market screen. It does not define a legal antitrust market, establish market power, identify anticompetitive conduct, estimate consumer harm, or convert descriptive concentration into a causal claim.","briefHeadline":"Social referrals: highly concentrated, with observed HHI up 1,602 points.","briefHref":"/markets/us-social-media-referral-traffic#overview","briefQuestion":"Does the observed usage structure persist in revenue, switching, access, quality, and conduct evidence under a legally relevant market definition?","briefSourceIds":"statcounter-social-referral-us-2026","briefStructure":"The latest 2026 screen reports HHI 4,995, classified as highly concentrated. Facebook leads the sourced distribution at 68.9%. The four largest named participants account for 94.4%."},{"id":"mkt-individual-insurance","slug":"us-aca-individual-health-insurance","name":"U.S. ACA individual health insurance","shortName":"Individual insurance","geography":"United States / separately reported state and District of Columbia markets","sector":"Health insurance","dataVintage":"2024","naicsCode":"524114","industryHref":"/industries/524114","crosswalkHref":"/markets/economy?bridgeMarket=us-aca-individual-health-insurance&bridgeNaics=524114#market-industry-crosswalk","latestHhi":3650,"concentrationClass":"highly_concentrated","cr4":null,"topFirmShare":null,"hhiAtOrAbove2500":true,"hhiDisclosureGap":false,"dataStatus":"estimated_public","confidenceLevel":"high","sourceCount":1,"policySourceCount":0,"policyEventCount":0,"reportCount":1,"briefAction":"Keep the market on a public watchlist and require reusable concentration data at each major industry update.","briefActionLevel":"Immediate review","briefChange":"The profile currently has one comparable concentration snapshot, so no direction is assigned.","briefComparisonDelta":null,"briefComparisonDirection":"unavailable","briefComparisonFromYear":null,"briefComparisonMetric":null,"briefComparisonToYear":null,"briefEvidence":"1 record in the evidence custody chain, 0 latest share rows, 0 linked official records, and 1 related brief support this profile. Status is estimated public with high confidence.","briefEvidenceState":"measured_hhi","briefGuardrail":"This brief summarizes the observatory's published market screen. It does not define a legal antitrust market, establish market power, identify anticompetitive conduct, estimate consumer harm, or convert descriptive concentration into a causal claim.","briefHeadline":"Individual insurance: highly concentrated in the latest public screen.","briefHref":"/markets/us-aca-individual-health-insurance#overview","briefQuestion":"How does the published concentration screen vary across relevant geographic markets, customer groups, and later source releases?","briefSourceIds":"kff-individual-insurance-market-2024","briefStructure":"The latest 2024 screen reports HHI 3,650, classified as highly concentrated."}]}