{"license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","dataset":"input-output-requirements","count":71,"updatedThrough":2024,"sourceReviewedThrough":"2026-08-15","summary":{"firstYear":1997,"industryCount":71,"latestNegativeCount":68,"latestPositiveCount":4739,"latestStructuralZeroCount":234,"latestYear":2024,"negativeCount":103,"positiveCount":135551,"recordCount":141148,"selfCellCount":1988,"structuralZeroCount":5494,"yearCount":28},"source":{"accessDate":"2026-08-15","id":"bea-input-output-2025","profileHref":"/sources/bea-input-output-2025","publisher":"U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis","releaseDate":"2025-09-25","title":"Input-Output Accounts, domestic requirements tables","url":"https://www.bea.gov/data/industries/input-output-accounts-data"},"guardrail":"A domestic total-requirements coefficient reports the U.S. output required from the supplier-row industry, directly and indirectly, per dollar of output delivered to final use by the buyer-column industry. It is not observed spending, a contract, a firm supplier link, market share, concentration, a legal antitrust market, competitive harm, or causation.","directionGuardrail":"Rows are supplying industries and columns are buyer industries delivering output to final use. Reading down a buyer column traces upstream requirements; reading across a supplier row traces the industries whose final-use output requires that supplier.","methodGuardrail":"BEA requirements tables use fixed input structures, constant returns to scale, and no input substitution. Coefficients are average, ex-post industry relationships; domestic import adjustments are estimated and do not identify firm-specific sourcing. Diagonal values include an industry's own direct and indirect requirements. Published negative coefficients are retained as accounting adjustments and must not be ranked as positive supply requirements.","comparisonGuardrail":"Requirements are gross-output coefficients, not GDP or fiscal multipliers. Compare coefficients within a consistent release and industry basis; changes can reflect technology, prices, sourcing, classification, and revisions.","dimensions":{"years":[1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024],"direction":{"rows":"supplier industry","columns":"buyer industry delivering output to final use","value":"domestic direct-and-indirect output required per dollar of buyer output delivered to final use"},"industries":[{"code":"111CA","name":"Farms","outputLine":4,"majorLine":3,"majorName":"Agriculture"},{"code":"113FF","name":"Forestry, fishing, and related activities","outputLine":5,"majorLine":3,"majorName":"Agriculture"},{"code":"211","name":"Oil and gas extraction","outputLine":7,"majorLine":6,"majorName":"Mining"},{"code":"212","name":"Mining, except oil and gas","outputLine":8,"majorLine":6,"majorName":"Mining"},{"code":"213","name":"Support activities for 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