{"license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","dataset":"competition-policy-systems","updatedThrough":"2026-07-24","summary":{"releaseRows":650,"returnedRows":1,"economyCount":65,"joinedEconomyCount":47,"pmrOnlyCount":8,"enforcementOnlyCount":10,"regionalAuthorityCount":2,"combinedEvidenceCellCount":5245,"yearCount":10},"dimensions":{"years":[2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,2024],"evidenceStatuses":["joined","pmr-only","enforcement-only"],"pmrMetrics":[{"id":"pmr","label":"Overall Product Market Regulation","family":"aggregate"},{"id":"state-involvement","label":"Distortions induced by state involvement","family":"high_level"},{"id":"entry-barriers","label":"Barriers to domestic and foreign entry","family":"high_level"},{"id":"public-ownership","label":"Distortions induced by public ownership","family":"medium_level"},{"id":"business-operations","label":"Involvement in business operations","family":"medium_level"},{"id":"impact-evaluation","label":"Regulations impact evaluation","family":"medium_level"},{"id":"administrative-burden","label":"Administrative and regulatory burden","family":"medium_level"},{"id":"service-network-barriers","label":"Barriers in service and network sectors","family":"medium_level"},{"id":"trade-investment-barriers","label":"Barriers to trade and investment","family":"medium_level"}],"enforcementMetrics":[{"id":"merger-notifications","label":"Merger notifications"},{"id":"merger-decisions","label":"Merger decisions"},{"id":"merger-phase-one-clearances","label":"Phase One clearances without remedies"},{"id":"merger-phase-one-remedies","label":"Phase One clearances with remedies"},{"id":"merger-phase-two-clearances","label":"Phase Two clearances without remedies"},{"id":"merger-phase-two-remedies","label":"Phase Two clearances with remedies"},{"id":"merger-prohibitions","label":"Merger prohibitions or challenges"},{"id":"merger-withdrawals","label":"Withdrawn merger notifications"}]},"filters":{"year":2024,"yearRequested":"2024","yearValid":true,"status":null,"statusRequested":null,"statusValid":true,"economies":{"requested":["JPN"],"matched":[{"code":"JPN","name":"Japan","evidenceStatus":"joined"}],"unmatched":[]},"economyValid":true,"filtersValid":true},"diagnostics":{"hasInvalidFilters":false,"invalidYear":null,"invalidStatus":null,"unmatchedEconomies":[]},"sources":[{"id":"oecd-pmr-2026","title":"Product Market Regulation Indicators, 2023 methodology","publisher":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development","url":"https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/product-market-regulation.html","accessDate":"2026-07-24","profileHref":"/sources/oecd-pmr-2026","role":"regulation","period":"current reference years 2023, 2024, 2025 / recalculated 2018"},{"id":"oecd-competition-trends-2025","title":"A Decade of OECD Competition Trends, Data and Insights","publisher":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development","url":"https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/2025/12/a-decade-of-oecd-competition-trends-data-and-insights_8aabb981/full-report.html","accessDate":"2026-07-24","profileHref":"/sources/oecd-competition-trends-2025","role":"enforcement","period":"2015-2024"}],"methodNote":"Economies join only when the two OECD releases publish the same exact economy code and name. No fuzzy name matching, imputation, forward filling, or composite score is used. Forty-seven economies join across both releases; PMR-only and enforcement-only economies remain visible as one-sided evidence records. EU and COMESA are retained separately as regional authorities and are not treated as economies in the bridge.","guardrail":"This bridge aligns OECD Product Market Regulation economy codes with OECD Competition Trends economy-jurisdiction codes for navigation across two separate releases. PMR values describe encoded regulatory frameworks on a 0-6 scale at economy-specific reference dates. Competition Trends values count reported merger-control activity in 2015-2024. Positions, ranks, gaps, changes, and co-movement do not measure market concentration, enforcement quality, deterrence, welfare, institutional effectiveness, legal correctness, or causation.","rows":[{"economyCode":"JPN","economyName":"Japan","evidenceStatus":"joined","pmrAvailable":true,"pmrDatabase":"OECD","pmrReferenceDate":"2023-01-01","pmrMethodologyYear":2023,"overallPmr":1.6044937372207642,"stateInvolvement":1.774482250213623,"entryBarriers":1.4345052242279053,"publicOwnership":1.6373355388641357,"businessOperations":1.861111044883728,"impactEvaluation":1.8250000476837158,"administrativeBurden":2.924999952316284,"serviceNetworkBarriers":1.1388888359069824,"tradeInvestmentBarriers":0.23962679505348206,"recalculated2018OverallPmr":1.7724653482437134,"recalculated2018StateInvolvement":1.8022600412368774,"recalculated2018EntryBarriers":1.7426706552505493,"recalculated2018PublicOwnership":1.6373355388641357,"recalculated2018BusinessOperations":1.9444444179534912,"recalculated2018ImpactEvaluation":1.8250000476837158,"recalculated2018AdministrativeBurden":3.311363697052002,"recalculated2018ServiceNetworkBarriers":1.2055555582046509,"recalculated2018TradeInvestmentBarriers":0.7110927104949951,"enforcementAvailable":true,"enforcementRegion":"Asia-Pacific","oecdMember":true,"enforcementYear":2024,"mergerNotifications":392,"mergerDecisions":374,"phaseOneClearances":373,"phaseOneRemedies":1,"phaseTwoClearances":0,"phaseTwoRemedies":0,"mergerProhibitions":0,"mergerWithdrawals":12,"interventionRate":0.2674,"profileHref":"/economy/competition-policy/jpn","pmrProfileHref":"/economy/pmr/jpn","enforcementProfileHref":"/enforcement/global/jpn","pmrSourceId":"oecd-pmr-2026","enforcementSourceId":"oecd-competition-trends-2025","guardrail":"This bridge aligns OECD Product Market Regulation economy codes with OECD Competition Trends economy-jurisdiction codes for navigation across two separate releases. PMR values describe encoded regulatory frameworks on a 0-6 scale at economy-specific reference dates. Competition Trends values count reported merger-control activity in 2015-2024. Positions, ranks, gaps, changes, and co-movement do not measure market concentration, enforcement quality, deterrence, welfare, institutional effectiveness, legal correctness, or causation."}]}