{"license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","dataset":"atlas","view":"relationship-type-profile","updatedThrough":"2026-08-15","guardrail":"The membership does not merge an issue program's markets, establish harm or causation, rank institutional importance, or imply shared methods or findings.","filters":{"query":"","relationshipType":"topic_issue","relationshipTypeMatched":true},"definition":{"boundary":"The membership does not merge an issue program's markets, establish harm or causation, rank institutional importance, or imply shared methods or findings.","category":"scope","definition":"Connects an institutional research topic to each competition issue program explicitly named in the topic's stable subject contract.","direction":"Institutional research topic to declared issue program","evidenceBasis":"The stable issue identifiers declared in the published research-topic definition.","id":"topic_issue","label":"Topic coverage of issue program","layer":"research","shortLabel":"Topic issue"},"summary":{"nodeCount":5478,"edgeCount":19193,"sourceCount":0,"profileCount":5433,"nodeKindCount":13,"layerCount":4,"typeEdgeCount":16,"matchedEdgeCount":16,"endpointNodeCount":12,"familyContractCount":1,"sourceLinkedEdgeCount":0,"sourceLinkedShare":0},"familyContracts":[{"color":"#60a5fa","count":16,"directionLabels":["Topics to Issues"],"fromColor":"#c026d3","fromKind":"issue","fromLabel":"Issues","href":"/atlas/relationships/issue--topic","id":"issue--topic","share":1,"toColor":"#ea580c","toKind":"topic","toLabel":"Topics"}],"confidence":[{"count":16,"id":"bounded","label":"Bounded","share":1}],"sources":[],"nodes":[{"id":"issue:communications-infrastructure","kind":"issue","label":"Communications infrastructure","shortLabel":"Communications","description":"Where do local communications concentration, network access, switching, and investment constrain rivalry across separately measured wireless and fixed systems?","href":"/issues/communications-infrastructure","metricLabel":"Bounded markets","metricValue":"2","detail":"2 separately defined markets / editorial research program","status":"issue program","year":2024,"color":"#c026d3","searchText":"communications infrastructure communications wireless, fixed access, geography, and entry the program connects two separately bounded fcc concentration systems: mobile wireless hhi weighted across economic areas and fixed-broadband hhi reported nationally and as state, county, and census-tract medians. where do local communications concentration, network access, switching, and investment constrain rivalry across separately measured wireless and fixed systems? how does concentration vary across economic areas, states, counties, census tracts, service tiers, and consumer segments behind the published summaries? which provider-level shares, spectrum, wholesale access, switching, deployment, price, quality, and network-investment records explain entry conditions over time? what evidence distinguishes merger remedies, deployment programs, and regulatory changes from durable competitive outcomes? u.s. mobile wireless service wireless service telecommunications u.s. residential fixed broadband access fixed broadband telecommunications","connectionCount":4},{"id":"issue:digital-gateways","kind":"issue","label":"Digital platform gateways","shortLabel":"Digital gateways","description":"How do defaults, distribution agreements, data access, and adjacent-platform positions shape entry across separately measured digital systems?","href":"/issues/digital-platform-gateways","metricLabel":"Bounded markets","metricValue":"5","detail":"5 separately defined markets / editorial research program","status":"issue program","year":2026,"color":"#c026d3","searchText":"digital platform gateways digital gateways defaults, distribution, and adjacent platforms search, browsers, mobile operating systems, social referrals, and generative ai assistants are tracked as separate usage-share proxies while the issue program follows their declared product, operator, and official-record links. how do defaults, distribution agreements, data access, and adjacent-platform positions shape entry across separately measured digital systems? which distribution agreements and default placements affect switching at each gateway? where do data, compute, interoperability, or access conditions constrain entry without assuming the same mechanism across products? which firm-level and user-level records can separate usage movement from changes in product quality, availability, or measurement? u.s. search engine usage search engines digital platforms u.s. browser usage browsers software u.s. generative ai assistant usage ai assistants digital platforms u.s. mobile operating-system web usage mobile operating systems digital platforms u.s. social-media referral traffic social referrals digital platforms","connectionCount":8},{"id":"issue:food-buyer-power","kind":"issue","label":"Food systems and buyer power","shortLabel":"Food buyer power","description":"How does buyer concentration in regional cattle procurement affect producer options, contract terms, and supply-chain resilience?","href":"/issues/food-systems-and-buyer-power","metricLabel":"Bounded markets","metricValue":"1","detail":"1 separately defined market / editorial research program","status":"issue program","year":2019,"color":"#c026d3","searchText":"food systems and buyer power food buyer power procurement options, regional boundaries, and resilience the program follows the usda national beef-packer cr4 series into a buyer-power research frame while preserving the need for regional procurement markets and firm-level evidence. how does buyer concentration in regional cattle procurement affect producer options, contract terms, and supply-chain resilience? which plant-level purchases, procurement distances, capacity, contracts, and prices define regional buyer alternatives? how do entry, exit, outages, captive supply, and transportation costs change producer bargaining options? which firm-level records can disaggregate the national cr4 without inferring equal shares among the four largest buyers? u.s. steer and heifer purchases by beef packers beef meatpacking food and agriculture","connectionCount":4},{"id":"issue:health-care-intermediaries","kind":"issue","label":"Health care intermediaries","shortLabel":"Health intermediaries","description":"How do insurer structure, PBM contracting, rebate, formulary, network, and organizational relationships affect competition and patient access across separately measured health-care systems?","href":"/issues/health-care-intermediaries","metricLabel":"Bounded markets","metricValue":"2","detail":"2 separately defined markets / editorial research program","status":"issue program","year":2024,"color":"#c026d3","searchText":"health care intermediaries health intermediaries insurance, pbm contracting, access, and public-data gaps the program connects the 2024 kff state individual-insurance concentration cross-section to separately bounded public pbm facts, named official records, source limits, and evidence requests without treating payer and prescription-intermediary systems as one market. how do insurer structure, pbm contracting, rebate, formulary, network, and organizational relationships affect competition and patient access across separately measured health-care systems? which comparable state insurer enrollment, claims, prescription, rebate, and network records can establish firm-level structure under stable ownership identifiers? how do plan entry, insurer structure, contracting, formulary, and network practices differ across payer, pharmacy, patient, and geographic segments? which ownership and control relationships are supported by exact filings rather than name similarity or market context? u.s. pharmacy benefit management pbms health care u.s. aca individual health insurance individual insurance health insurance","connectionCount":4},{"id":"issue:housing-access","kind":"issue","label":"Housing access and local power","shortLabel":"Housing access","description":"Which local ownership, pricing, supply, and platform records can identify where renters face weakened competitive choice?","href":"/issues/housing-access-and-local-power","metricLabel":"Bounded markets","metricValue":"1","detail":"1 separately defined market / editorial research program","status":"issue program","year":2026,"color":"#c026d3","searchText":"housing access and local power housing access ownership, pricing systems, supply, and place the program joins national housing-access evidence to selected ownership and official-record context while keeping the underlying competition problem local. which local ownership, pricing, supply, and platform records can identify where renters face weakened competitive choice? where can parcel, owner, property-manager, rent, vacancy, and transaction data be joined at a stable local geography? how should pricing-software use, information exchange, ownership concentration, and supply constraints be measured separately? which local comparisons can test entry, rent, quality, and displacement outcomes without treating co-movement as causation? u.s. rental housing access rental housing real estate","connectionCount":4},{"id":"issue:transportation-networks","kind":"issue","label":"Transportation networks","shortLabel":"Transportation","description":"How do route-level entry, capacity, airport constraints, and consolidation shape passenger choice beyond national shares?","href":"/issues/transportation-networks","metricLabel":"Bounded markets","metricValue":"1","detail":"1 separately defined market / editorial research program","status":"issue program","year":2026,"color":"#c026d3","searchText":"transportation networks transportation routes, airport access, capacity, and consolidation the program places national airline passenger-share reporting beside route-level research needs and official merger and competition records. how do route-level entry, capacity, airport constraints, and consolidation shape passenger choice beyond national shares? which route-pair, airport, schedule, fare, capacity, and entry records define competitive alternatives for travelers? how do slot, gate, loyalty, and network constraints differ across airports and traveler segments? which before-and-after records can evaluate transactions or remedies without attributing every observed change to one event? u.s. domestic airline passengers domestic airlines transportation","connectionCount":4},{"id":"topic:digital-platforms","kind":"topic","label":"Digital Platforms","shortLabel":"Digital Platforms","description":"How do defaults, distribution, data access, interoperability, and adjacent-platform positions shape entry across separately measured digital systems?","href":"/research/topics/digital-platforms","metricLabel":"Publication memberships","metricValue":"2","detail":"AR-T02 / 1 issue program / 5 evidence lanes","status":"institutional research topic","year":2026,"color":"#ea580c","searchText":"ar-t02 digital platforms digital how do defaults, distribution, data access, interoperability, and adjacent-platform positions shape entry across separately measured digital systems? trace usage and referral screens into exact product, operator, official-record, and research links while keeping every digital denominator separate. search, browser, mobile operating system, social referral, and ai-assistant usage are separate screens. their adjacency does not establish one ecosystem market, common control, or a combined concentration measure. stable user and firm panels, default and distribution contracts, switching, multihoming, interoperability, data access, compute, price, quality, and entry records. technology-policy researchers, reporters, authorities, and advocates ar-rb-2026-02 five digital gateways ar-ci-2026-02 four digital usage systems traced four different structural paths.","connectionCount":15},{"id":"topic:geographic-competition","kind":"topic","label":"Geographic Competition","shortLabel":"Geographic Competition","description":"How does competitive structure vary across national, state, county, tract, route, and other local frames?","href":"/research/topics/geographic-competition","metricLabel":"Publication memberships","metricValue":"7","detail":"AR-T04 / 4 issue programs / 5 evidence lanes","status":"institutional research topic","year":2026,"color":"#ea580c","searchText":"ar-t04 geographic competition places how does competitive structure vary across national, state, county, tract, route, and other local frames? connect place-based concentration screens to their exact geography, source vintage, ownership rules, and local-market research needs. a statewide, county, tract, or national screen does not establish a legal geographic market. medians of local hhis are not interchangeable with one national hhi. area-level shares and distributions, ownership and entry histories, local prices and quality, commuting or procurement patterns, capacity, switching, and stable geographic definitions. local officials, researchers, journalists, and community advocates ar-sc-2026-01 the u.s. competition landscape ar-dn-2026-02 housing competition needs local ownership data ar-rb-2026-03 state banking structure, 2015-2025 ar-rb-2026-06 fixed broadband concentration across geographic scales, 2020-2024 ar-rb-2026-07 state individual insurance concentration, 2024 ar-ci-2026-04 geographic concentration screens point in different directions at different scales. ar-ci-2026-05 national fixed-broadband hhi rose while three geographic medians fell.","connectionCount":17},{"id":"topic:industry-structure","kind":"topic","label":"Industry Structure","shortLabel":"Industry Structure","description":"Which detailed industries account for broad-sector concentration patterns, and where does strict historical evidence show structural movement?","href":"/research/topics/industry-structure","metricLabel":"Publication memberships","metricValue":"4","detail":"AR-T03 / 1 issue program / 5 evidence lanes","status":"institutional research topic","year":2026,"color":"#ea580c","searchText":"ar-t03 industry structure industries which detailed industries account for broad-sector concentration patterns, and where does strict historical evidence show structural movement? keep census industry distributions, strict same-code history, business flows, and reviewed market context inspectable at their published levels. a naics industry is a statistical classification, not automatically an antitrust market. sector medians, revenue concentration, and business dynamics retain different units and vintages. strict six-digit histories, disclosure status, firm and establishment context, product and geographic boundaries, entry, conduct, prices, quality, and enforcement records. industrial-organization researchers, sector analysts, and public agencies ar-sc-2026-01 the u.s. competition landscape ar-rb-2026-01 beef meatpacking buyer power ar-rb-2026-04 business dynamism across u.s. sectors, 1978-2023 ar-ci-2026-03 broad-sector concentration medians did not move as one economy.","connectionCount":22},{"id":"topic:market-structure","kind":"topic","label":"Market Structure","shortLabel":"Market Structure","description":"Where is market power concentrated, how is structure changing, and which competitive mechanism still needs to be tested?","href":"/research/topics/market-structure","metricLabel":"Publication memberships","metricValue":"9","detail":"AR-T01 / 6 issue programs / 5 evidence lanes","status":"institutional research topic","year":2026,"color":"#ea580c","searchText":"ar-t01 market structure markets where is market power concentrated, how is structure changing, and which competitive mechanism still needs to be tested? connect definition-bound concentration measures, participant shares, historical movement, and public research questions without collapsing unlike markets into one score. a concentration measure is a screen inside its stated product, geography, denominator, and period. it is not by itself proof of market power, harm, causation, liability, or the correct legal market. comparable participant shares, entry and exit, switching, price, quality, capacity, transactions, and stable market-definition records. researchers, journalists, enforcement staff, and public officials ar-sc-2026-01 the u.s. competition landscape ar-mm-2026-01 how hhi helps explain market concentration ar-rb-2026-02 five digital gateways ar-rb-2026-01 beef meatpacking buyer power ar-rb-2026-03 state banking structure, 2015-2025 ar-rb-2026-06 fixed broadband concentration across geographic scales, 2020-2024 ar-rb-2026-07 state individual insurance concentration, 2024 ar-ci-2026-01 latest market-structure signals moved in both directions. ar-ci-2026-02 four digital usage systems traced four different structural paths.","connectionCount":30},{"id":"topic:merger-review","kind":"topic","label":"Merger Review","shortLabel":"Merger Review","description":"How are notification volume, transaction mix, review intensity, official outcomes, and observed market structure changing without conflating process with effect?","href":"/research/topics/merger-review","metricLabel":"Publication memberships","metricValue":"3","detail":"AR-T06 / 2 issue programs / 5 evidence lanes","status":"institutional research topic","year":2026,"color":"#ea580c","searchText":"ar-t06 merger review mergers how are notification volume, transaction mix, review intensity, official outcomes, and observed market structure changing without conflating process with effect? keep federal filing, transaction-size, review-process, structural-screen, and official-record evidence in separate but connected lanes. notification counts, second request rates, concentration screens, complaints, settlements, and abandonments have different denominators and meanings. none alone establishes transaction effects or legal merit. transaction-level industry and size, thresholds, exemptions, agency allocation, review timing, outcomes, remedies, market shares, entry, price, quality, and capacity. merger researchers, oversight staff, journalists, and enforcement practitioners ar-sc-2026-01 the u.s. competition landscape ar-rb-2026-05 the federal merger review pipeline, 2016-2025 ar-ci-2026-07 reported hsr volume and the second request rate both moved lower in fy2025.","connectionCount":7},{"id":"topic:methods-public-data","kind":"topic","label":"Methods and Public Data","shortLabel":"Methods and Public Data","description":"What can current public records establish, where do measurement boundaries stop, and which disclosures would make antitrust research more accountable?","href":"/research/topics/methods-public-data","metricLabel":"Publication memberships","metricValue":"3","detail":"AR-T07 / 2 issue programs / 5 evidence lanes","status":"institutional research topic","year":2026,"color":"#ea580c","searchText":"ar-t07 methods and public data methods what can current public records establish, where do measurement boundaries stop, and which disclosures would make antitrust research more accountable? document definitions, denominators, source construction, release clocks, reproducibility paths, and evidence gaps as first-class research outputs. a documented data gap is not evidence of competition or harm. screening thresholds are not legal conclusions, and reproducibility does not make unlike measures comparable. stable identifiers, machine-readable firm shares and ownership, local boundaries, historical revisions, disclosure status, methods documentation, and durable public apis. data publishers, analysts, students, reporters, agencies, and legislators ar-mm-2026-01 how hhi helps explain market concentration ar-dn-2026-01 where public market-share data runs out ar-dn-2026-02 housing competition needs local ownership data","connectionCount":5}],"rows":[{"id":"topic-issue:digital-platforms:digital-gateways","layer":"research","relationshipType":"topic_issue","relationshipLabel":"Declared issue-program membership","fromId":"topic:digital-platforms","fromKind":"topic","fromLabel":"Digital Platforms","fromHref":"/research/topics/digital-platforms","toId":"issue:digital-gateways","toKind":"issue","toLabel":"Digital platform gateways","toHref":"/issues/digital-platform-gateways","evidenceLabel":"Research topic issue contract","evidenceDetail":"Digital platform gateways is explicitly included in the Digital Platforms institutional research contract.","sourceId":null,"sourceUrl":null,"confidenceLevel":"bounded","indicatorId":null,"entityCode":null,"observationCount":null,"firstYear":null,"latestYear":null,"preferredView":null,"sourceIds":null,"guardrail":"A topic-to-issue link records one declared institutional membership. 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It does not merge the issue program's markets, establish harm, rank importance, or imply a shared method or finding."},{"id":"topic-issue:merger-review:digital-gateways","layer":"research","relationshipType":"topic_issue","relationshipLabel":"Declared issue-program membership","fromId":"topic:merger-review","fromKind":"topic","fromLabel":"Merger Review","fromHref":"/research/topics/merger-review","toId":"issue:digital-gateways","toKind":"issue","toLabel":"Digital platform gateways","toHref":"/issues/digital-platform-gateways","evidenceLabel":"Research topic issue contract","evidenceDetail":"Digital platform gateways is explicitly included in the Merger Review institutional research contract.","sourceId":null,"sourceUrl":null,"confidenceLevel":"bounded","indicatorId":null,"entityCode":null,"observationCount":null,"firstYear":null,"latestYear":null,"preferredView":null,"sourceIds":null,"guardrail":"A topic-to-issue link records one declared institutional membership. 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