{"license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","dataset":"atlas","view":"relationship-type-profile","updatedThrough":"2026-08-15","guardrail":"Declared publication coverage does not make covered markets equivalent, extend findings beyond the publication, or establish harm, liability, or causation.","filters":{"query":"","relationshipType":"report_market","relationshipTypeMatched":true},"definition":{"boundary":"Declared publication coverage does not make covered markets equivalent, extend findings beyond the publication, or establish harm, liability, or causation.","category":"scope","definition":"Connects a research publication to each market explicitly listed in its encoded related-market or exact signal-route scope.","direction":"Research publication to covered market","evidenceBasis":"The related-market identifiers stored in the report record or resolved exactly from a dispatch signal's canonical entity route.","id":"report_market","label":"Publication coverage of market","layer":"research","shortLabel":"Publication market"},"summary":{"nodeCount":5478,"edgeCount":19193,"sourceCount":0,"profileCount":5433,"nodeKindCount":13,"layerCount":4,"typeEdgeCount":33,"matchedEdgeCount":33,"endpointNodeCount":22,"familyContractCount":1,"sourceLinkedEdgeCount":0,"sourceLinkedShare":0},"familyContracts":[{"color":"#60a5fa","count":33,"directionLabels":["Publications to Markets"],"fromColor":"#14b8a6","fromKind":"market","fromLabel":"Markets","href":"/atlas/relationships/market--report","id":"market--report","share":1,"toColor":"#6366f1","toKind":"report","toLabel":"Publications"}],"confidence":[{"count":33,"id":"bounded","label":"Bounded","share":1}],"sources":[],"nodes":[{"id":"market:mkt-individual-insurance","kind":"market","label":"U.S. ACA individual health insurance","shortLabel":"Individual insurance","description":"Individual health-insurance concentration using KFF's 2024 source-reported national and state measures for the ACA-regulated individual market. The profile anchors the national HHI and links to 51 separately reported state and District of Columbia screens without extending the evidence to employer insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, or every insurance product.","href":"/markets/us-aca-individual-health-insurance","metricLabel":"Latest HHI","metricValue":"3,650","detail":"United States / separately reported state and District of Columbia markets / 2024","status":"estimated_public","year":2024,"color":"#14b8a6","searchText":"u.s. aca individual health insurance individual insurance health insurance united states / separately reported state and district of columbia markets individual health-insurance concentration using kff's 2024 source-reported national and state measures for the aca-regulated individual market. the profile anchors the national hhi and links to 51 separately reported state and district of columbia screens without extending the evidence to employer insurance, medicare, medicaid, or every insurance product.","connectionCount":6},{"id":"market:mkt-browser","kind":"market","label":"U.S. browser usage","shortLabel":"Browsers","description":"All-platform U.S. browser usage share from StatCounter Global Stats for April 2026. The profile tracks browser usage concentration, not browser advertising or operating-system tying questions.","href":"/markets/us-browser-usage","metricLabel":"Latest HHI","metricValue":"3,612","detail":"United States / 2026","status":"estimated_public","year":2026,"color":"#14b8a6","searchText":"u.s. browser usage browsers software united states all-platform u.s. browser usage share from statcounter global stats for april 2026. the profile tracks browser usage concentration, not browser advertising or operating-system tying questions.","connectionCount":21},{"id":"market:mkt-airlines","kind":"market","label":"U.S. domestic airline passengers","shortLabel":"Domestic airlines","description":"Domestic scheduled airline passenger market share based on BTS TranStats for the 12 months ending February 2026. The profile withholds HHI because the public table includes an aggregated Other category.","href":"/markets/us-airline-domestic-passengers","metricLabel":"HHI status","metricValue":"Withheld","detail":"United States / 2026","status":"incomplete","year":2026,"color":"#14b8a6","searchText":"u.s. domestic airline passengers domestic airlines transportation united states domestic scheduled airline passenger market share based on bts transtats for the 12 months ending february 2026. the profile withholds hhi because the public table includes an aggregated other category.","connectionCount":21},{"id":"market:mkt-ai-chatbot","kind":"market","label":"U.S. generative AI assistant usage","shortLabel":"AI assistants","description":"Consumer generative AI assistant usage concentration from StatCounter Global Stats for May 2026. The market tracks which AI chatbots people use across StatCounter-tracked assistants, an observed usage-share proxy rather than revenue, total user counts, or the broader AI supply chain of chips and cloud.","href":"/markets/us-ai-assistant-usage","metricLabel":"Latest HHI","metricValue":"4,804","detail":"United States / 2026","status":"estimated_public","year":2026,"color":"#14b8a6","searchText":"u.s. generative ai assistant usage ai assistants digital platforms united states consumer generative ai assistant usage concentration from statcounter global stats for may 2026. the market tracks which ai chatbots people use across statcounter-tracked assistants, an observed usage-share proxy rather than revenue, total user counts, or the broader ai supply chain of chips and cloud.","connectionCount":16},{"id":"market:mkt-mobile-os","kind":"market","label":"U.S. mobile operating-system web usage","shortLabel":"Mobile operating systems","description":"Mobile operating-system concentration based on the operating systems detected in U.S. mobile page views measured by StatCounter in April 2023-April 2026. The series is a public web-usage proxy rather than device sales, installed base, app-store activity, or operating-system revenue.","href":"/markets/us-mobile-operating-system-usage","metricLabel":"Latest HHI","metricValue":"5,337","detail":"United States / 2026","status":"estimated_public","year":2026,"color":"#14b8a6","searchText":"u.s. mobile operating-system web usage mobile operating systems digital platforms united states mobile operating-system concentration based on the operating systems detected in u.s. mobile page views measured by statcounter in april 2023-april 2026. the series is a public web-usage proxy rather than device sales, installed base, app-store activity, or operating-system revenue.","connectionCount":18},{"id":"market:mkt-wireless","kind":"market","label":"U.S. mobile wireless service","shortLabel":"Wireless service","description":"Mobile wireless service competition using FCC-reported weighted average HHI by economic area. Firm-level shares are not shown because the FCC report publishes the concentration metric rather than a full public carrier share table.","href":"/markets/us-mobile-wireless-service","metricLabel":"Latest HHI","metricValue":"3,550","detail":"United States / 2023","status":"verified","year":2023,"color":"#14b8a6","searchText":"u.s. mobile wireless service wireless service telecommunications united states mobile wireless service competition using fcc-reported weighted average hhi by economic area. firm-level shares are not shown because the fcc report publishes the concentration metric rather than a full public carrier share table.","connectionCount":10},{"id":"market:mkt-pbm","kind":"market","label":"U.S. pharmacy benefit management","shortLabel":"PBMs","description":"Pharmacy benefit management services profile based on FTC public findings. The FTC reports top-three and top-six aggregate shares but not enough individual PBM market shares in the public press-release record to compute HHI.","href":"/markets/us-pharmacy-benefit-management","metricLabel":"HHI status","metricValue":"Withheld","detail":"United States / 2023","status":"incomplete","year":2023,"color":"#14b8a6","searchText":"u.s. pharmacy benefit management pbms health care united states pharmacy benefit management services profile based on ftc public findings. the ftc reports top-three and top-six aggregate shares but not enough individual pbm market shares in the public press-release record to compute hhi.","connectionCount":10},{"id":"market:mkt-housing","kind":"market","label":"U.S. rental housing access","shortLabel":"Rental housing","description":"Rental housing access profile combining national affordability and supply stress with selected public evidence on institutional single-family rental ownership. HHI is withheld because housing competition is local and the public record does not provide firm-level rental market shares across comparable local markets.","href":"/markets/us-rental-housing-access","metricLabel":"HHI status","metricValue":"Withheld","detail":"United States / local housing markets / 2026","status":"incomplete","year":2026,"color":"#14b8a6","searchText":"u.s. rental housing access rental housing real estate united states / local housing markets rental housing access profile combining national affordability and supply stress with selected public evidence on institutional single-family rental ownership. hhi is withheld because housing competition is local and the public record does not provide firm-level rental market shares across comparable local markets.","connectionCount":11},{"id":"market:mkt-fixed-broadband","kind":"market","label":"U.S. residential fixed broadband access","shortLabel":"Fixed broadband","description":"Residential fixed-internet competition using FCC-reported HHI for connections of at least 100 Mbps downstream and 20 Mbps upstream. The profile publishes annual December national anchors and links to the same-source state, county, and census-tract median series without treating those geographic summaries as one market.","href":"/markets/us-fixed-broadband-access","metricLabel":"Latest HHI","metricValue":"1,501","detail":"United States / separately reported state, county, and census-tract summaries / 2024","status":"verified","year":2024,"color":"#14b8a6","searchText":"u.s. residential fixed broadband access fixed broadband telecommunications united states / separately reported state, county, and census-tract summaries residential fixed-internet competition using fcc-reported hhi for connections of at least 100 mbps downstream and 20 mbps upstream. the profile publishes annual december national anchors and links to the same-source state, county, and census-tract median series without treating those geographic summaries as one market.","connectionCount":7},{"id":"market:mkt-search","kind":"market","label":"U.S. search engine usage","shortLabel":"Search engines","description":"All-platform U.S. search engine usage share from StatCounter Global Stats for April 2026. The market is an observed usage-share proxy, not search advertising revenue.","href":"/markets/us-search-engine-usage","metricLabel":"Latest HHI","metricValue":"7,359","detail":"United States / 2026","status":"estimated_public","year":2026,"color":"#14b8a6","searchText":"u.s. search engine usage search engines digital platforms united states all-platform u.s. search engine usage share from statcounter global stats for april 2026. the market is an observed usage-share proxy, not search advertising revenue.","connectionCount":21},{"id":"market:mkt-social-referral","kind":"market","label":"U.S. social-media referral traffic","shortLabel":"Social referrals","description":"Social-platform concentration based on U.S. page views referred from social-media sites to StatCounter-tracked websites in April 2023-April 2026. The series measures outbound referral traffic, not platform users, time spent, advertising revenue, engagement, or an antitrust market.","href":"/markets/us-social-media-referral-traffic","metricLabel":"Latest HHI","metricValue":"4,995","detail":"United States / 2026","status":"estimated_public","year":2026,"color":"#14b8a6","searchText":"u.s. social-media referral traffic social referrals digital platforms united states social-platform concentration based on u.s. page views referred from social-media sites to statcounter-tracked websites in april 2023-april 2026. the series measures outbound referral traffic, not platform users, time spent, advertising revenue, engagement, or an antitrust market.","connectionCount":21},{"id":"market:mkt-meatpacking","kind":"market","label":"U.S. steer and heifer purchases by beef packers","shortLabel":"Beef meatpacking","description":"Buyer-side meatpacking concentration using USDA-reported shares of U.S. steer and heifer purchases handled by the four largest beef packers. The profile preserves the national CR4 history but withholds HHI because the public source does not publish individual packer shares.","href":"/markets/us-steer-heifer-meatpacking-purchases","metricLabel":"HHI status","metricValue":"Withheld","detail":"United States / regional cattle procurement markets / 2019","status":"incomplete","year":2019,"color":"#14b8a6","searchText":"u.s. steer and heifer purchases by beef packers beef meatpacking food and agriculture united states / regional cattle procurement markets buyer-side meatpacking concentration using usda-reported shares of u.s. steer and heifer purchases handled by the four largest beef packers. the profile preserves the national cr4 history but withholds hhi because the public source does not publish individual packer shares.","connectionCount":9},{"id":"report:rep-meatpacking-buyer-power","kind":"report","label":"Beef Meatpacking Buyer Power","shortLabel":"Beef Meatpacking Buyer...","description":"A source-backed briefing on national beef-packer buyer concentration, the related Census slaughtering-industry screen, and the market boundaries neither metric can establish.","href":"/reports/meatpacking-buyer-power","metricLabel":"Evidence sources","metricValue":"3","detail":"1 linked market","status":"published","year":2026,"color":"#6366f1","searchText":"beef meatpacking buyer power why an 85% procurement cr4 is not the same as an industry hhi a source-backed briefing on national beef-packer buyer concentration, the related census slaughtering-industry screen, and the market boundaries neither metric can establish. explains what the national beef-packer cr4 reveals, why hhi remains withheld, and how the related census industry screen should be used without redefining a cattle procurement market. usda ers historical national cr4 for steer and heifer purchases, paired with separately bounded 2017 and 2022 economic census revenue concentration rows for naics 311611.","connectionCount":6},{"id":"report:rep-digital-gateways","kind":"report","label":"Five Digital Gateways","shortLabel":"Five Digital Gateways","description":"A source-backed research brief tracing search, browser, mobile operating-system, social-referral, and AI-assistant concentration without collapsing them into one platform market or ecosystem score.","href":"/reports/digital-gateways-brief","metricLabel":"Evidence sources","metricValue":"5","detail":"5 linked markets","status":"published","year":2026,"color":"#6366f1","searchText":"five digital gateways u.s. platform concentration across five separately bounded usage systems a source-backed research brief tracing search, browser, mobile operating-system, social-referral, and ai-assistant concentration without collapsing them into one platform market or ecosystem score. five system histories, exact share rows, official product-attribution paths, and a public research agenda with every denominator kept separate. five statcounter u.s. public usage-share sources: april 2023-april 2026 search, browser, mobile operating-system, and social-referral anchors, plus the may 2026 ai-assistant baseline. official product-attribution records remain a separate evidence layer.","connectionCount":12},{"id":"report:rep-fixed-broadband-geography","kind":"report","label":"Fixed Broadband Concentration Across Geographic Scales, 2020-2024","shortLabel":"Fixed Broadband Concent...","description":"A source-backed research brief on nine FCC fixed-broadband reporting periods, the divergent paths of national and subnational median HHI, and the public evidence needed to move from geographic screens to mechanisms and outcomes.","href":"/reports/fixed-broadband-geographic-concentration-2020-2024","metricLabel":"Evidence sources","metricValue":"1","detail":"1 linked market","status":"published","year":2026,"color":"#6366f1","searchText":"fixed broadband concentration across geographic scales, 2020-2024 national hhi rose while median state, county, and census-tract concentration fell a source-backed research brief on nine fcc fixed-broadband reporting periods, the divergent paths of national and subnational median hhi, and the public evidence needed to move from geographic screens to mechanisms and outcomes. a four-scale fcc concentration history showing why a rising national hhi and falling subnational medians must be read together without converting them into one market. federal communications commission internet access services figure 5, covering nine semiannual reporting periods from december 2020 through december 2024 for residential fixed connections meeting the 100/20 mbps threshold. the packet preserves the national hhi and medians of separately calculated state, county, and census-tract hhis as distinct geographic summaries.","connectionCount":4},{"id":"report:insight-digital-gateways-change","kind":"report","label":"Four digital usage systems traced four different structural paths.","shortLabel":"Digital gateways","description":"Browser, mobile operating-system, search-engine, and social-referral shares are read side by side without turning them into one platform-power score. Usage and referral shares are proxies inside separately defined systems. The dispatch does not add shares across products, resolve legal market definition, or infer a common competitive cause.","href":"/insights/digital-gateways-change","metricLabel":"Exact signals","metricValue":"12","detail":"AR-CI-2026-02 / Focused note","status":"current insight","year":2026,"color":"#6366f1","searchText":"four digital usage systems traced four different structural paths. digital gateways browser, mobile operating-system, search-engine, and social-referral shares are read side by side without turning them into one platform-power score. defined markets focused note ar-ci-2026-02 social-referral composition shifted toward the leader. social referrals moved from 3,804 in 2025 to 4,995 in 2026 (+1,191.0 hhi points). social referrals moved from 57.5% in 2025 to 68.9% in 2026 (+11.49 percentage points). social referrals moved from 95.1% in 2025 to 94.4% in 2026 (-0.71 percentage points). search hhi and leading share both moved lower. search engines moved from 7,589 in 2025 to 7,359 in 2026 (-230.0 hhi points). search engines moved from 86.7% in 2025 to 85.2% in 2026 (-1.55 percentage points). search engines moved from 99.4% in 2025 to 99.4% in 2026 (-0.02 percentage points). mobile operating-system hhi and leading share moved higher. mobile operating systems moved from 5,094 in 2025 to 5,337 in 2026 (+243.0 hhi points). mobile operating systems moved from 57.6% in 2025 to 63.1% in 2026 (+5.48 percentage points). mobile operating systems moved from 100.0% in 2025 to 100.0% in 2026 (+0.04 percentage points). browser hhi and leading share moved lower while cr4 edged higher. browsers moved from 3,720 in 2025 to 3,612 in 2026 (-108.0 hhi points). browsers moved from 52.3% in 2025 to 50.0% in 2026 (-2.29 percentage points). browsers moved from 93.6% in 2025 to 93.8% in 2026 (+0.15 percentage points). browsers four-participant concentration ratio browsers herfindahl-hirschman index browsers leading-participant share mobile operating systems four-participant concentration ratio mobile operating systems herfindahl-hirschman index mobile operating systems leading-participant share search engines four-participant concentration ratio search engines herfindahl-hirschman index search engines leading-participant share social referrals four-participant concentration ratio social referrals herfindahl-hirschman index social referrals leading-participant share u.s. browser usage u.s. mobile operating-system web usage u.s. search engine usage u.s. social-media referral traffic","connectionCount":10},{"id":"report:rep-housing-data-gap","kind":"report","label":"Housing Competition Needs Local Ownership Data","shortLabel":"Housing Competition Nee...","description":"An open brief explaining why housing affordability and supply stress require local competition data before HHI can be responsibly reported.","href":"/reports/housing-competition-data-gap","metricLabel":"Evidence sources","metricValue":"4","detail":"1 linked market","status":"published","year":2026,"color":"#6366f1","searchText":"housing competition needs local ownership data source-backed housing profile note an open brief explaining why housing affordability and supply stress require local competition data before hhi can be responsibly reported. explains why the housing profile reports public stress signals while withholding hhi pending local firm-level ownership and rental market-share data. harvard jchs renter cost-burden data, freddie mac supply-shortage estimate, gao selected single-family rental investor ownership data, and ftc/doj roll-up inquiry materials.","connectionCount":7},{"id":"report:rep-hhi-primer","kind":"report","label":"How HHI Helps Explain Market Concentration","shortLabel":"How HHI Helps Explain M...","description":"An open explainer on HHI, CR4, effective number of firms, and why source coverage matters.","href":"/reports/hhi-primer","metricLabel":"Evidence sources","metricValue":"3","detail":"3 linked markets","status":"published","year":2026,"color":"#6366f1","searchText":"how hhi helps explain market concentration a public primer for reading concentration dashboards an open explainer on hhi, cr4, effective number of firms, and why source coverage matters. a short public-interest guide to reading descriptive concentration metrics. fcc source-reported hhi and statcounter public usage-share tables.","connectionCount":8},{"id":"report:insight-market-change-field","kind":"report","label":"Latest market-structure signals moved in both directions.","shortLabel":"Market change field","description":"Fifteen HHI, CR4, and leading-share comparisons preserve their own product boundary, denominator, source, and observed interval. The direction count is an inventory, not a vote about competition. HHI points, CR4 points, and leading-share points across different products and periods are not pooled or ranked.","href":"/insights/market-structure-change-field","metricLabel":"Exact signals","metricValue":"15","detail":"AR-CI-2026-01 / Domain readout","status":"current insight","year":2026,"color":"#6366f1","searchText":"latest market-structure signals moved in both directions. market change field fifteen hhi, cr4, and leading-share comparisons preserve their own product boundary, denominator, source, and observed interval. defined markets domain readout ar-ci-2026-01 the current market field is split. across 15 exact latest-to-prior rows, 8 increased, 7 decreased. the count says only how many bounded comparisons point each way. digital usage screens diverged. social referrals moved from 3,804 in 2025 to 4,995 in 2026 (+1,191.0 hhi points). search engines moved from 7,589 in 2025 to 7,359 in 2026 (-230.0 hhi points). mobile operating systems moved from 5,094 in 2025 to 5,337 in 2026 (+243.0 hhi points). browsers moved from 3,720 in 2025 to 3,612 in 2026 (-108.0 hhi points). each usage system has a separate denominator and remains analytically independent. other market intervals use different clocks. beef meatpacking moved from 81.0% in 1995 to 85.0% in 2019 (+4.00 percentage points). fixed broadband moved from 1,195 in 2023 to 1,501 in 2024 (+306.0 hhi points). wireless service moved from 3,596 in 2021 to 3,550 in 2023 (-46.0 hhi points). their unequal intervals are displayed, not annualized. beef meatpacking four-participant concentration ratio browsers four-participant concentration ratio browsers herfindahl-hirschman index browsers leading-participant share fixed broadband herfindahl-hirschman index mobile operating systems four-participant concentration ratio mobile operating systems herfindahl-hirschman index mobile operating systems leading-participant share search engines four-participant concentration ratio search engines herfindahl-hirschman index search engines leading-participant share social referrals four-participant concentration ratio social referrals herfindahl-hirschman index social referrals leading-participant share wireless service herfindahl-hirschman index u.s. steer and heifer purchases by beef packers u.s. browser usage u.s. residential fixed broadband access u.s. mobile operating-system web usage u.s. search engine usage u.s. social-media referral traffic u.s. mobile wireless service","connectionCount":15},{"id":"report:rep-state-individual-insurance","kind":"report","label":"State Individual Insurance Concentration, 2024","shortLabel":"State Individual Insura...","description":"A source-backed research brief mapping the 2024 KFF state concentration cross-section for the ACA-regulated individual health insurance market, including HHI, leading-insurer share, rival depth, regional variation, and the public evidence needed for stronger competition analysis.","href":"/reports/state-individual-insurance-concentration-2024","metricLabel":"Evidence sources","metricValue":"1","detail":"1 linked market","status":"published","year":2026,"color":"#6366f1","searchText":"state individual insurance concentration, 2024 highly concentrated readings appear in 36 of 51 jurisdictions a source-backed research brief mapping the 2024 kff state concentration cross-section for the aca-regulated individual health insurance market, including hhi, leading-insurer share, rival depth, regional variation, and the public evidence needed for stronger competition analysis. a 51-jurisdiction kff concentration cross-section showing where high hhi, leading-insurer share, and thin rival depth coincide, with every result bounded to the 2024 aca individual market. kff 2024 individual insurance market competition data for the 50 states and district of columbia, including source-reported hhi, leading-insurer share, and the count of insurers with more than 5 percent of each jurisdiction's aca-regulated individual market.","connectionCount":4},{"id":"report:rep-us-competition-landscape-2026","kind":"report","label":"The U.S. Competition Landscape","shortLabel":"The U.S. Competition La...","description":"A national briefing that aligns defined-market signals, industry structure, state and local geographic concentration screens, merger activity, and enforcement records without collapsing their different scopes.","href":"/reports/us-competition-landscape-2026","metricLabel":"Evidence sources","metricValue":"14","detail":"8 linked markets","status":"published","year":2026,"color":"#6366f1","searchText":"the u.s. competition landscape state of competition 2026: five evidence systems, no single score a national briefing that aligns defined-market signals, industry structure, state and local geographic concentration screens, merger activity, and enforcement records without collapsing their different scopes. a source-backed state-of-competition briefing across markets, industries, state systems, local banking screens, mergers, and enforcement, with every system kept in its own analytical universe. 2022 and 2017 u.s. economic census industry concentration tables, usda ers historical meatpacking cr4, kff 2024 state individual-market hhi, fdic 2025 statewide and county summary of deposits screens, the fy2025 ftc/doj hsr report, and source-backed market and enforcement records.","connectionCount":26},{"id":"report:rep-public-data-gaps","kind":"report","label":"Where Public Market-Share Data Runs Out","shortLabel":"Where Public Market-Sha...","description":"An open report explaining why the observatory sometimes withholds HHI even when public facts indicate concentration.","href":"/reports/public-data-gaps","metricLabel":"Evidence sources","metricValue":"2","detail":"2 linked markets","status":"published","year":2026,"color":"#6366f1","searchText":"where public market-share data runs out why incomplete profiles are part of the product an open report explaining why the observatory sometimes withholds hhi even when public facts indicate concentration. a transparency note on incomplete data and why the observatory never fills gaps with invented shares. bts public airline market-share table and ftc pbm interim staff report materials.","connectionCount":5}],"rows":[{"id":"report-market:rep-meatpacking-buyer-power:mkt-meatpacking","layer":"research","relationshipType":"report_market","relationshipLabel":"Covered market profile","fromId":"report:rep-meatpacking-buyer-power","fromKind":"report","fromLabel":"Beef Meatpacking Buyer Power","fromHref":"/reports/meatpacking-buyer-power","toId":"market:mkt-meatpacking","toKind":"market","toLabel":"U.S. steer and heifer purchases by beef packers","toHref":"/markets/us-steer-heifer-meatpacking-purchases","evidenceLabel":"Report scope contract","evidenceDetail":"Beef Meatpacking Buyer Power explicitly lists U.S. steer and heifer purchases by beef packers in its related-market 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